Editing Ska (section)

===Third-wave ska {{Anchor|Third-wave ska}}===
{{See also|Ska punk}}
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Fishbone-28.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Fishbone]] playing in Los Angeles]]
Ska historian Albino Brown (of the radio program ''The Ska Parade'') coined the term ''third-wave ska'' in 1989 and helped to catalyze such multi-platinum bands as [[No Doubt]] and [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]]. Third-wave ska originated in the punk scene in the late 1980s and became commercially successful in the 1990s. Although some third-wave ska has a traditional 1960s sound, most third-wave ska is characterized by dominating guitar riffs and large horn sections.

====United Kingdom====
By the late 1980s, ska had experienced a minor resurgence of popularity in the United Kingdom, due to bands such as [[The Burial (English band)|the Burial]] and [[the Hotknives]]. The 1980s and 1990s also heralded many ska festivals, and a re-emergence of the [[Trojan skinhead|traditional skinhead]] [[subculture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skinheadheaven.org.uk/index.php/cuttings/49-ska-party-id-magazine-article-1988 |title=Ska Party |work=Skinheadheaven.org.uk |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407072641/http://www.skinheadheaven.org.uk/index.php/cuttings/49-ska-party-id-magazine-article-1988 |archive-date=7 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Unicorn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/ss_blueprint.pdf |author=Shafer, Steven |date=Summer 1998 |title=Unicorn Records and the new ska classics – the blueprint of ska today? |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402073644/http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/ss_blueprint.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fungalpunknature.co.uk/FUNGALPUNK/Interviews/KevDotheDog2.html |publisher=fungalpunknature.co.uk |title=Interview: Kevin Flowerdew of Do the Dog Records |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622041032/http://fungalpunknature.co.uk/FUNGALPUNK/Interviews/KevDotheDog2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/unicorn.html |title=1986-1991 Ska Explosion! |publisher=hpska.com |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162940/http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/unicorn.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Europe====
The early 1980s saw a massive surge in ska's popularity in Germany, leading to the founding of many German ska bands like the Busters, record labels and festivals.<ref name="Unicorn" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1620 |title=Play It Upside Down |date=January 2009 |publisher=The Atlantic Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425090757/https://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1620 |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>

In Spain, ska became relevant in the 1980s in the [[Southern Basque Country|Basque Country]] due to the influence of [[Basque Radical Rock]], with [[Kortatu]] and Potato being the most representatives bands.{{according to whom|date=November 2023}} [[Skalariak]] and [[Betagarri]] followed in the early 1990s and their influence is visible outside the Basque Country in punk-rock bands like [[Ska-P]], [[Boikot]] and many others that have gained importance in the Spanish rock and punk rock scene and festivals.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

====Australia====
The [[Australian ska]] scene flourished in the mid-1980s, following the musical precedents set by 2 tone, and spearheaded by bands such as [[the Porkers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/the80sareback/index.php/2010/02/skad-for-life-remembering-the-sydney-80s-ska-scene/ |title=Ska'd for Life: Remembering the Sydney 80s ska scene |publisher=powerhousemuseum.com |date=February 2010 |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223172759/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/the80sareback/index.php/2010/02/skad-for-life-remembering-the-sydney-80s-ska-scene/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the Australian ska revival bands found success on the national music charts, most notably [[Allniters]], who had a number 10 hit with a ska cover of "[[Montego Bay (song)|Montego Bay]]" in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop]] |last=McFarlane |first=Ian |author-link= Ian McFarlane |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |year=1999 |chapter=Encyclopedia entry for 'Allniters' |chapter-url=http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=28 |isbn=1-86448-768-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803071404/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=28 |archive-date=3 August 2004 }}</ref> The 30 piece [[Melbourne Ska Orchestra]] has enjoyed success in recent years, touring internationally, including sets at [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]] and [[Montreux Jazz Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/melbourne-ska-orchestra-melbourne-ska-orchestra/story-fn9n8gph-1226624301903 |title = Melbourne Ska Orchestra |access-date = 2 February 2016 |archive-date = 15 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615033841/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/melbourne-ska-orchestra-melbourne-ska-orchestra/story-fn9n8gph-1226624301903 |url-status = live }}</ref>

====Russia and Japan====
A Russian (then-Soviet) ska scene was established in the mid-1980s in [[Saint Petersburg]] as a kind of [[anglophone]] opposition to more traditional [[Russian rock]] music. [[Strannye Igry]], [[AVIA]] and [[N.O.M.]] were among the first bands of genre. Then bands like [[Spitfire (Russian band)|Spitfire]], [[Distemper (band)|Distemper]], [[Leningrad (band)|Leningrad]] and [[Markscheider Kunst]] became popular and commercially successful in Russia and abroad in the late 1990s.

Japan established its own ska scene, colloquially referred to as ''[[J-ska]]'', in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20040325t180000-0500_57672_obs_ska___alive_and_kicking_but_outside_jamaica.asp |title=''Jamaica Observer'', "SKA – alive and kicking but outside Jamaica" |author=Balford Henry |date=26 April 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230205/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20040325t180000-0500_57672_obs_ska___alive_and_kicking_but_outside_jamaica.asp |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nippop.com/features/Rastaman_Vibration___What_s_up_with_Japanese_Reggae%3F/ |title=Rastaman Vibration – What's up with Japanese Reggae? |publisher=Nippop.com |author=Cahoon, Keith |date=21 May 2005 |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092125/http://nippop.com/features/Rastaman_Vibration___What_s_up_with_Japanese_Reggae%3F/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra]], formed in 1985, have been one of the most commercially successful progenitors of Japanese ska.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-41/artist_name-tokyo_ska_paradise_orchestra/ |title=Nippop Profiles: Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728085116/http://nippop.com/artists/Tokyo_Ska_Paradise_Orchestra/ |archive-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====The Americas====
Latin America's ska scene started developing in the mid-1980s. Latin American ska bands typically play traditional ska rhythms blended with strong influences from Latin music and [[rock en Español]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2-tone.de/skaenglish/latinska.htm |publisher=2-tone.de |title=Latin Ska |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903151120/http://www.2-tone.de/skaenglish/latinska.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The most prominent bands include the Grammy nominated [[Desorden Público]] from Venezuela<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/desorden-publico/189046 |title=Desorden Público Artist{{dash}}GRAMMY.com |publisher=GRAMMY.com |access-date=14 June 2022 }}</ref> and Grammy awarded [[Los Fabulosos Cadillacs]] from Argentina, who scored an international hit single with "[[Matador (Los Fabulosos Cadillacs song)|El Matador]]" in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockero.com/artists/los-fabulosos-cadillacs/biography/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110072405/http://www.rockero.com/artists/los-fabulosos-cadillacs/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2006 |title=Los Fabulosos Cadillacs – Biography |publisher=rockero.com }}</ref>

By the early 1980s, 2 tone–influenced ska bands began forming throughout the United States.<ref name="Moskowitz_06" /> [[The Uptones]] from [[Berkeley, California]], and [[the Toasters]] from [[New York City]]—both formed in 1981—were among the first active ska bands in North America. They are both credited with laying the groundwork for American ska and establishing scenes in their respective regions.<ref name="sfghistory" /><ref>{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=the-toasters-p14516/biography|pure_url=yes}} |title=The Toasters {{pipe}} AllMusic |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Joel Selvin |date=23 March 2008 |title=Uptones Get Down |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/21/PKARVJBJ3.DTL&hw=uptones&sn=001&sc=1000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526002203/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F03%2F21%2FPKARVJBJ3.DTL&hw=uptones&sn=001&sc=1000 |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Sfgate.com}}</ref> In Los Angeles around the same time, [[The Untouchables (Los Angeles band)|the Untouchables]] also formed. While many of the early American ska bands continued in the musical traditions set by 2 tone and the [[mod revival]], bands such as [[Fishbone]], [[the Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] and [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]] pioneered the American [[ska punk]] subgenre, a [[fusion (music)|fusion]] of ska and [[punk rock]] that typically downplayed ska's R&B influence in favor of faster [[tempo]]s and guitar [[distortion (music)|distortion]].<ref name="Moskowitz_06" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-punk-d4420 |title=Ska-Punk {{pipe}} AllMusic |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=2016-12-30 |archive-date=2011-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902050403/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-punk-d4420 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1986, [[No Doubt]], a ska punk band was formed. They were one of the more mainstream ska bands that set the stage for many up and coming bands.

Two hotspots for the United States' burgeoning ska scenes were New York City and [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], California. In New York, Toasters frontman [[Robert "Bucket" Hingley]] formed the independent record label [[Moon Ska Records]] in 1983. The label quickly became the largest independent ska label in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/this-are-moon-ska-vol-2-r794523/review |title=This Are Moon Ska, Vol. 2 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> The [[Orange County ska]] scene was a major breeding ground for ska punk and more contemporary pop-influenced ska music, personified by bands such as [[Reel Big Fish]] and [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-09-16/music/reel-big-fish-locally-grown-grove-of-anaheim/ |title=Ska's Not Dead |author=Bose, Lilledeshan |date=16 September 2010 |newspaper=[[OC Weekly]] |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019030134/http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-09-16/music/reel-big-fish-locally-grown-grove-of-anaheim/ |archive-date=19 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was here that the term ''third-wave ska'' was coined and popularized by Albino Brown and Tazy Phyllipz (hosts of the ''[[Ska Parade]]'' radio show) to describe the new wave of ska-influenced bands which were steadily gaining notoriety;  and Brown wrote the first treatise on ska's third wave in 1994.<ref>Layne, Anni. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016074921/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/nodoubt/articles/story/5920606/the_ska_parade_is_coming_to_town "The Ska Parade Is Coming To Town"]. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. 9 May 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.944.com/articles/can-t-rain-on-this-parade-tazy-phyllipz-s-journey-of-college-radio-shows-and-launching-careers/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716031456/http://www.944.com/articles/can-t-rain-on-this-parade-tazy-phyllipz-s-journey-of-college-radio-shows-and-launching-careers/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Can't Rain on This Parade |author=Iavazzi, Jessica |publisher=944.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gulla  |first=Bob |year=1997 |title=Three Waves Of Ska |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10210207717103239&set=a.10210207731943610.1073741827.1648977638&type=3&theater |journal=Guitar Magazine |publication-date=December 1997 |volume=15 |pages=39 |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310160833/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10210207717103239&set=a.10210207731943610.1073741827.1648977638&type=3&theater |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[San Francisco Bay Area]] also contributed to ska's growing popularity, with [[Skankin' Pickle]], [[Let's Go Bowling]] and the [[Dance Hall Crashers]] becoming known on the touring circuit.

The mid-1990s saw a considerable rise in ska music's underground popularity, marked by the formation of many ska-based record labels, booking organizations and indie [[zine]]s. While Moon Ska was still the largest of the United States' ska labels, other notable labels included Jump Up Records of [[Chicago]], which covered the thriving [[Midwestern United States|midwest]] scene, and Steady Beat Recordings of [[Los Angeles]], which covered Southern California's traditional ska revival. [[Stomp Records]] of [[Montreal]] was Canada's primary producer and distributor of ska music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stomprecords.com/stomp/ |title=Union Label Group – Stomp Records |publisher=www.stomprecords.com |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231844/http://www.stomprecords.com/stomp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, many punk and indie rock labels, such as [[Hellcat Records]] and [[Fueled by Ramen]], broadened their scope to include both ska and ska punk bands. [[Asian Man Records]] (formerly [[Dill Records]]), founded in 1996, started out primarily releasing ska punk albums before branching out to other music styles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punknews.org/labels/asianman |title=About Asian Man Records |publisher=Punknews.org |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-date=12 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112191651/http://www.punknews.org/labels/asianman |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1993, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones signed with [[Mercury Records]], becoming the first American ska punk band to find mainstream commercial success, with their 1994 album ''[[Question the Answers]]'' achieving [[RIAA certification|gold record]] status and peaking at number 138 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allmusic.com/artist/the-mighty-mighty-bosstones-p13676/charts-awards |website=[[AllMusic]] |title=The Mighty Mighty Bosstones – AllMusic |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806185644/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-mighty-mighty-bosstones-p13676/charts-awards |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1995, punk band [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]], featuring former members of Operation Ivy, released the ska punk single "[[Time Bomb (Rancid song)|Time Bomb]]", which reached number 8 on the [[Alternative Songs|''Billboard'' Modern Rock Tracks]], becoming the first major ska punk hit of the 1990s and launching the genre into the public eye.<ref name="AllMusic3Wave">{{cite web |url=https://allmusic.com/explore/style/third-wave-ska-revival-d2773 |title=Allmusic – Third Wave Ska Revival |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430232917/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/third-wave-ska-revival-d2773 |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the next few years, a string of notable ska and ska-influenced singles became hits on mainstream radio, including "[[Sell Out (Reel Big Fish song)|Sell Out]]" by Reel Big Fish and "[[The Impression That I Get]]" by the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, all of whom would reach platinum status with each of their respective albums. By 1996, third-wave ska was one of the most popular forms of [[alternative music]] in the United States.<ref name="AllMusic3Wave" />

By the late 1990s, mainstream interest in third-wave ska bands waned as other music genres gained momentum.<ref name="Guila_6_50">{{cite book |last=Gulla |first=Bob |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, Volume Six |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], [[Connecticut]] |isbn=0-313-32981-8 |page=47}}</ref> Moon Ska Records folded in 2000, but Moon Ska Europe, a licensed affiliate based in Europe, continued operating in the 2000s and was later relaunched as [[Moon Ska World]]. In 2003, Hingley launched a new ska record label, [[Megalith Records]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:D.P.jpg|[[Desorden Publico]], which are from [[Caracas]], Venezuela, formed in 1985.
File:The uptones.jpg|[[The Uptones]], which are from [[Berkeley, California]], formed in 1981.
File:Bosstones.jpg| [[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]] in their typical plaid outfits
File:Dance Hall Crashers at The Masquerade in Atlanta, GA in 1998 (4847183491).jpg|The [[Dance Hall Crashers]] in 1998
</gallery>