Editing Silicon Valley (section)

===Rise of Silicon===
{{Main|Silicon|History of the transistor}}
{{see also|Invention of the integrated circuit}}
[[File:ShockleyBldg (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Plaque commemorating [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] as the first high-tech company in what would become Silicon Valley]]
In 1956, [[William Shockley]], the co-inventor of the first working [[transistor]] (with [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Houser Brattain]]), moved from [[New Jersey]] to [[Mountain View, California]], to start [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] to live closer to his ailing mother [[May Bradford Shockley|May]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]]. Shockley's work served as the basis for many electronic developments for decades.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Holding On |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/realestate/keymagazine/406Lede-t.html?pagewanted=all |quote=In 1955, the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View, partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto. … |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 7, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525020611/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/realestate/keymagazine/406Lede-t.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=January 13, 2008 |title=Two Views of Innovation, Colliding in Washington |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC153BF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63& |quote=The co-inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley's first chip company, William Shockley, moved to Palo Alto, Calif., because his mother lived there. ... |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 7, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101125434/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC153BF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63& |archive-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref> Both Frederick Terman and [[William Shockley]] are often called "the father of Silicon Valley".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman |title=Fred Terman, the Father of Silicon Valley |last=Tajnai |first=Carolyn |date=May 1985 |website=Stanford Computer Forum |publisher=Carolyn Terman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211020643/http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valleys-first-founder-was-its-worst/ |title=Silicon Valley's First Founder Was Its Worst {{!}} Backchannel |magazine=Wired |access-date=January 8, 2020|language=en|issn=1059-1028 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901020558/https://www.wired.com/story/silicon-valleys-first-founder-was-its-worst/ |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that [[silicon]] was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the [[Shockley diode]]), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]; Shockley referred to them as the "[[traitorous eight]]". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, [[Robert Noyce]] and [[Gordon Moore]], would go on to found [[Intel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodheart |first=Adam |date=July 2, 2006 |title=10 Days That Changed History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html?pagewanted=all |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902050843/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=SV110>{{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1=John |last2=Weimers |first2=Leigh |last3=Winslow |first3=Ward |year=2008 |title=Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance |url=http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/silicon-valley-110-year-renaissance-book/ |publisher=[[Silicon Valley Historical Association]] |isbn=978-0-9649217-4-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152340/http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/silicon-valley-110-year-renaissance-book/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_(16th_&_St._John_in_San_Jose).jpg|thumb|left|The first [[IBM]] plant in California, established in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] in 1943]]

Following the 1959 inventions of the monolithic [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chip by [[Robert Noyce]] at Fairchild, the first commercial MOS IC was introduced by [[General Microelectronics]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1964-Commecial.html |title=1964 – First Commercial MOS IC Introduced |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222203215/http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1964-Commecial.html |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single-chip microprocessor was the [[Intel 4004]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Intel's First Microprocessor—the Intel 4004 |publisher=Intel Corp. |date=November 1971 |url=http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/4004.htm |access-date=May 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513221700/http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/4004.htm |archive-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref> designed and realized by [[Federico Faggin]] along with [[Marcian Hoff|Ted Hoff]], [[Masatoshi Shima]] and [[Stanley Mazor]] at Intel in 1971.<ref name="computerhistory1971">{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030200123/https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=July 22, 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="ieee">[[Federico Faggin]], [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776530 The Making of the First Microprocessor], ''IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine'', Winter 2009, [[IEEE Xplore]]</ref> In April 1974, [[Intel]] released the [[Intel 8080]], the second [[8-bit computing|8-bit]] microprocessor designed and manufactured by [[Intel]].<ref name="Electronic News Apr 1974">{{cite news |last=Intel |title=From CPU to software, the 8080 Microcomputer is here |newspaper=Electronic News |location=New York |pages=44–45 |publisher=Fairchild Publications |date=April 15, 1974}}'' Electronic News'' was a weekly trade newspaper. The same advertisement appeared in the [[:File:Intel 8080 Advertisement May 1974.jpg|May 2, 1974, issue of ''Electronics'' magazine]].</ref>