Editing Shanghai (section)

===Imperial era===

==== Tang, Song, Yuan dynasties ====
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town ({{lang|zh-Hans|青龙镇}}{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=青龍鎮}}|name=|group=}}) in modern [[Qingpu District]] was a major trading port. Established in 746 (the fifth year of the Tang [[Tianbao era]]), it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast", with thirteen temples and seven pagodas. [[Mi Fu]], a scholar and artist of the Song dynasty, served as its mayor. The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along the [[Yangtze]] and the Chinese coast, as well as with foreign countries such as Japan and [[Silla]].<ref name="kaogu">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |script-title=zh:上海青浦青龙镇遗址 |trans-title=Ruins of Qinglong Town in Qingpu, Shanghai |publisher=[[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221826/http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the [[Song dynasty]], the center of trading had moved downstream of the [[Wusong River]] to Shanghai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |script-title=zh:青龙镇考古：上海首个贸易港，为何人称"小杭州" |publisher=Thepaper.cn |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071123/http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the [[Yangzi Delta]], 2004, p.9.</ref> From the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a [[municipality]] in 1927, central Shanghai was administered as a county under Songjiang Prefecture, which had its seat in the present-day [[Songjiang District]].<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9, pp.11–12, p.34.</ref>

==== Ming dynasty ====
[[File:Map of the Old City of Shanghai.jpg|thumb|Seventeenth century map of the Old City of Shanghai]]
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's developments in the [[Ming dynasty]]. A [[city wall]] was built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids by [[Wokou|Japanese pirates]]. It measured {{convert|10|m|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|5|km|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} in circumference.<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, p.10">Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.10.</ref> A [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]] was built in 1602 during the [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] reign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a mere county seat such as Shanghai. Scholars have theorized that this likely reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, p.10" />

==== Qing dynasty ====
During the [[Qing dynasty]], Shanghai became one of the most important seaports in the [[Yangtze Delta]] region as a result of two important central government policy changes: in 1684, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] reversed the Ming dynasty prohibition on oceangoing vessels—a ban that had been in force since 1525; and in 1732, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] moved the customs office for [[Jiangsu]] province ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|江|海|关}};{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=江海關}}|name=|group=}} see [[Customs House, Shanghai]]) from the prefectural capital of [[Songjiang, Shanghai|Songjiang]] to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions, Shanghai became the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze region by 1735, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta, 2004, pp.10–11.</ref>

<gallery widths="155">
File:%E6%96%B9%E5%A1%942.JPG|[[Songjiang Square Pagoda]], built in the 11th century
File:Zhenrusi Dadian.JPG|The [[Mahavira Hall]] at [[Zhenru Temple (Shanghai)|Zhenru Temple]], built in 1320
File:Old City of Shanghai will walls and seafront.jpg|The walled [[Old City of Shanghai]] in the 17th century
</gallery>[[File:Shanghai 1884.jpg|thumb|right|A map of Shanghai in 1884; Chinese area are in yellow, French in red, British in blue, American in orange.|alt=]]
In the 19th century, international attention to Shanghai grew due to [[Europe]] and recognition of its economic and trade potential at the [[Yangtze]]. During the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842), British forces occupied the city.<ref>Rait, Robert S. (1903). ''[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407043230/https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up |date=7 April 2016}}''. Volume 1. p.&nbsp;267–268</ref> The war ended in 1842 with the [[Treaty of Nanking]], which opened Shanghai as one of the five [[treaty ports]] for international trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began|title=The Opium war (or how Hong Kong began)|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 July 2011 |access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506094130/http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Treaty of the Bogue]], the [[Treaty of Wanghia]], and the [[Treaty of Whampoa]] (signed in 1843, 1844, and 1844, respectively) forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain, France, and the [[United States]] all established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai, which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.<ref name="SHChronicles">{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海通志 总述 |trans-title = General History of Shanghai – Overview |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |date = 1 July 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181125124109/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |archive-date = 25 November 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>

The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the [[Small Swords Society]] in 1853, but control of the city was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.<ref>Scarne, John. ''[https://archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich Twelve years in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728114957/http://www.archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich |date=28 July 2014}}.'' Edinburgh: Constable, 1860: 187–209.</ref> In 1854, the [[Shanghai Municipal Council]] was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862, the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]] [[Battle of Shanghai (1861)|twice attacked]] Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.<ref name="WellWilli">Williams, S. Wells. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002013393773 The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants]'', Vol. 1, p. 107. Scribner (New York), 1904.</ref> In 1863, the British settlement to the south of [[Suzhou Creek]] (northern [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]) and the American settlement to the north (southern [[Hongkou District]]) joined in order to form the [[Shanghai International Settlement]]. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained [[Shanghai French Concession|its own concession]] at the city's south and southwest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |title=Shanghai International Settlement |publisher=Flag of the World |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213116/https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dismantlement of Old City walls.jpg|thumb|The dismantlement of Old City walls, 1912|alt=]]
The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] concluded with the 1895 [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]], which elevated Japan to become another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which was soon copied by other foreign powers. All this international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great [[Athens]] of China".<ref>Gordon Cumming, C. F. (Constance Frederica), "The inventor of the numeral-type for China by the use of which illiterate Chinese both blind and sighted can very quickly be taught to read and write fluently", London: Downey, 1899, [https://archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt archive.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729170142/http://www.archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt|date=29 July 2014}}</ref>