Editing Sex (section)

== Sexual systems ==
{{Main|Sexual system}}A sexual system is a distribution of male and female functions across organisms in a species.<ref name="Leonard-2013" />

=== Animals ===
Approximately 95% of [[animal]] species have separate male and female individuals, and are said to be [[gonochoric]]. About 5% of animal species are hermaphroditic.<ref name="Leonard-2013">{{cite journal| vauthors = Leonard JL |date=22 August 2013|title=Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=53|issue=4|pages=671–688|doi=10.1093/icb/ict088|pmid=23970358|issn=1540-7063|doi-access=free}}</ref> This low percentage is partially attributable to the very large number of [[insect]] species, in which hermaphroditism is absent.<ref name="Bachtrog-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bachtrog D, [[Judith Mank | Mank JE]], Peichel CL, [[Mark Kirkpatrick | Kirkpatrick M]], [[Sarah Otto | Otto SP]], Ashman TL, Hahn MW, Kitano J, Mayrose I, Ming R, Perrin N, Ross L, Valenzuela N, Vamosi JC |date=July 2014 |title=Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it? |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=e1001899 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899 |pmc=4077654 |pmid=24983465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> About 99% of [[vertebrate]]s are gonochoric, and the remaining 1% that are hermaphroditic are almost all fishes.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kuwamura T, Sunobe T, Sakai Y, Kadota T, Sawada K|date=1 July 2020|title=Hermaphroditism in fishes: an annotated list of species, phylogeny, and mating system|journal=Ichthyological Research|language=en|volume=67|issue=3|pages=341–360|doi=10.1007/s10228-020-00754-6|bibcode=2020IchtR..67..341K |issn=1616-3915|doi-access=free|s2cid=218527927}}</ref>

=== Plants ===
The majority of plants are [[Glossary of botanical terms#bisexual|bisexual]],<ref name="Kliman-2016">{{cite book | vauthors = Kliman RM |url={{GBurl|id=_r4OCAAAQBAJ}} |title=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology |date=2016 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-800426-5 |volume=2 |location= |pages=212–224 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205920/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Evolutionary_Biology/_r4OCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&kptab=overview |archive-date=6 May 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=212}} either hermaphrodite (with both stamens and pistil in the same flower) or [[Monoecious (botany)|monoecious]].<ref name="Sabath-2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabath N, Goldberg EE, Glick L, Einhorn M, Ashman TL, Ming R, Otto SP, Vamosi JC, Mayrose I | title = Dioecy does not consistently accelerate or slow lineage diversification across multiple genera of angiosperms | journal = The New Phytologist | volume = 209 | issue = 3 | pages = 1290–1300 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26467174 | doi = 10.1111/nph.13696 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2016NewPh.209.1290S }}</ref><ref name="Beentje-2016">{{cite book|title=The Kew plant glossary|vauthors=[[Henk Jaap Beentje|Beentje H]]|date=2016|publisher=Kew Publishing|isbn=978-1-84246-604-9|edition=2|location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> In [[Dioecy|dioecious]] species male and female sexes are on separate plants.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leite Montalvão AP, Kersten B, Fladung M, Müller NA | title = The Diversity and Dynamics of Sex Determination in Dioecious Plants | language = English | journal = Frontiers in Plant Science | volume = 11 | pages = 580488 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33519840 | pmc = 7843427 | doi = 10.3389/fpls.2020.580488 | doi-access = free }}</ref> About 5% of flowering plants are dioecious, resulting from as many as 5000 independent origins.<ref name="Renner-2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Renner SS | title = The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 101 | issue = 10 | pages = 1588–1596 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25326608 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1400196 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dioecy is common in [[gymnosperm]]s, in which about 65% of species are dioecious, but most [[conifers]] are monoecious.<ref name="Walas-2018">{{cite journal|vauthors=Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G|date=2018|title=Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review|url=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/4961/1/29052018_1-s2.0-S1439179117304498-main.pdf|journal=Basic and Applied Ecology|volume=31|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009|bibcode=2018BApEc..31....1W |s2cid=90740232|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127084144/https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/4961/1/29052018_1-s2.0-S1439179117304498-main.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>