Editing Serbia (section)

===Ottoman and Habsburg rule===
{{Main|Ottoman Serbia|Great Migrations of the Serbs}}
[[File:Battle of Kosovo, Adam Stefanović, 1870.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Kosovo]] in 1389 is particularly important to Serbian history, tradition and [[Serbian national identity|national identity]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Isabelle|last=Dierauer|title=Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCuDsecLWmYC|date=16 May 2013|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-6106-5|page=88|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831013434/https://books.google.com/books?id=GCuDsecLWmYC|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In all Serbian lands conquered by the Ottomans, the native nobility was eliminated and the peasantry was [[Serfdom|enserfed]] to Ottoman rulers, while much of the clergy fled or were confined to the isolated monasteries. Under the Ottoman system, Serbs and Christians were considered an [[rayah|inferior class]] and subjected to heavy taxes, and a portion of the Serbian population experienced [[Islamization|Islamisation]]. Many Serbs were recruited during the [[devshirme]] system, a [[slavery in the Ottoman Empire|form of slavery]], in which boys from Balkan Christian families were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to [[Islam]] and trained for infantry units of the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] known as the [[Janissaries]].{{sfn|A ́goston|Masters|2010|p=383}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|2001|p=251}}{{sfn|Rodriguez|1997|p=6}}{{sfn|Kia|2011|p=62}} The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was extinguished in 1463,{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=134}} but reestablished in 1557,{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|pp=135&ndash;136}}{{sfn|Fotić|2008|pp=519–520}}{{sfn|Sotirović|2011|pp=143–169}} providing for limited continuation of Serbian cultural traditions within the Ottoman Empire, under the [[Millet system]].{{sfn|Runciman|1968|p=204}}{{sfn|Kia|2011|p=115}}

After the loss of statehood to the Ottoman Empire, Serbian resistance continued in northern regions (modern Vojvodina), under titular despots (until 1537), and popular leaders like [[Jovan Nenad]] (1526–1527). From 1521 to 1552, Ottomans conquered Belgrade and regions of Syrmia, Bačka, and Banat.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|pp=115, 119}} Wars and rebellions constantly challenged Ottoman rule. One of the most significant was the [[Banat Uprising]] in 1594 and 1595, which was part of the [[Long War (Ottoman wars)|Long War]] (1593–1606) between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|pp=141–142}}{{sfn|Sotirović|2011|pp=163–164}} The area of modern Vojvodina endured a century-long Ottoman occupation before being ceded to the [[Habsburg monarchy]], partially by the [[Treaty of Karlovci]] (1699),{{sfn|Pešalj|2010|pp=29&ndash;42}} and fully by the [[Treaty of Požarevac]] (1718).{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=151}}

[[File:Serbmigra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|''[[Migration of the Serbs (painting)|Migration of the Serbs]]'', by [[Paja Jovanović]] ({{circa|1896}}), depicting the [[Great Migrations of the Serbs|Great Migration of 1690]], led by the patriarch [[Arsenije III Crnojević]]]]

During the [[Great Turkish War|Habsburg-Ottoman war (1683–1699)]], much of Serbia switched from Ottoman rule to [[Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1686–91)|Habsburg control]] from 1688 to 1690.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=143}} However, the Ottoman army reconquered a large part of Serbia in the winter of 1689/1690, leading to a brutal massacre of the civilian population by uncontrolled [[Albanians|Albanian]] and [[Tatars|Tatar]] units. As a result of the persecutions, several tens of thousands of Serbs, led by the patriarch, [[Arsenije III Crnojević]], fled northwards to settle in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]],{{sfn|Katić|2012|p=140}} an event known as the [[Great Migrations of the Serbs|Great Migration of 1690]].{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|pp=146–147}} In August 1690, following several petitions, the Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] formally granted Serbs from the Habsburg monarchy a first set of "privileges",{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|pp=143–144}}{{sfn|Todorović|2006|pp=7–8}} primarily to guarantee them freedom of religion.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=144}} As a consequence, the ecclesiastical centre of the Serbs also moved northwards, to the [[Metropolitanate of Karlovci]],{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=150}} and the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was once-again abolished by the Ottomans in 1766.{{sfn|Jelavich|1983a|p=94}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=177}}

In 1718–39, the Habsburg monarchy occupied much of [[Central Serbia]] and established the [[Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)|Kingdom of Serbia]] as [[crownland]].{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=151}} Those gains were lost by the [[Treaty of Belgrade]] in 1739, when the Ottomans retook the region.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=176}} Apart from territory of modern-day Vojvodina which remained under the Habsburg Empire, central regions of Serbia were occupied once again by the Habsburgs in [[Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92)|1788–1792]].