Editing Seat belt (section)

===Two-point===
A two-point belt attaches at its two endpoints. A simple strap was first used March 12, 1910, by pilot [[Benjamin Foulois]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foulois |first1=Benjamin Delahauf |title=From the Wright brothers to the astronauts |date=1980 |publisher=Arno Press |isbn=9780405122118 |page=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pool |first=William C. |year=1955 |title=The Origin of Military Aviation in Texas, 1910–1913 |journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume = LVIII |issue=January |pages=342–371 |url= http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101158/m1/409/ |access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Giles |first=Barney M. |date=October 1950 |title=Early Military Aviation in Texas |journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=LIV |issue=October |pages = 145–146 |url = https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101133/m1/199/ |access-date =28 March 2019}}</ref> a pioneering aviator with the [[Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps]], so he might remain at the controls during turbulence.

The [[IRVIN-GQ|Irvin Air Chute Company]] made the seat belt for use by professional race car driver [[Barney Oldfield]] when his team decided the daredevil should have a "safety harness" for the 1923 [[Indianapolis 500]].<ref>{{cite web |author=United States Congress House Committee on Public Works Subcommittee on Roads|title=1972 Highway Legislation: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=180 |date=1972 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3XoqAAAAMAAJ&dq=First+lap+belt&pg=PA180 |access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hedgbeth">{{cite web |last=Hedgbeth |first=Llewellyn |title=Development of Automotive Seatbelts |url=http://www.secondchancegarage.com/public/seat-belt-history.cfm |work=Second Chance Garage |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012158/http://www.secondchancegarage.com/public/seat-belt-history.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fischer">{{cite web |last=Fischer |first=Kurt |title=A Supplier's Perspective on Automotive Safety – Past, Present & Future |publisher=University of Michigan - UMTRI Automotive Safety Conference |url=http://umtri.umich.edu/content/Kurt.Fisher.Safety.2011.pdf |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151030101851/http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/Kurt.Fisher.Safety.2011.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Lap====
[[File:Airplane seat belt 1.jpg|thumb|A lap ("2-point") belt in an airplane]]

A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist. This was the most common type of belt prior to legislation requiring three-point belts and is found in older cars. [[coach (bus)|Coaches]] are equipped with lap belts (although many newer coaches have three-point belts), as are passenger aircraft seats.

University of Minnesota professor James J. (Crash) Ryan was the inventor of, and held the patent for, the automatic retractable lap safety belt. [[Ralph Nader]] cited Ryan's work in ''[[Unsafe at Any Speed]]'' and, following hearings led by Senator [[Abraham Ribicoff]], President [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] signed two bills in 1966 requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968.<ref>{{cite journal |title="Crash" Was His Name; Car Safety Was His Game |journal=Minnesota Medicine |url=http://www.minnesotamedicine.com/Past-Issues/Past-Issues-2006/May-2006/Pulse-Crash-May-2006 |first=J. |last=Mettner |date=May 2006 |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=16–7 |pmid=16764412 |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=2014-08-20  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820185645/http://www.minnesotamedicine.com/Past-Issues/Past-Issues-2006/May-2006/Pulse-Crash-May-2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Johnson (author) |title=Extra Life |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-525-53885-1 |edition=1st |pages=187–188 |language=en}}</ref>

Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars; the back seats were often only fitted with lap belts. Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the [[lumbar vertebrae]] and the sometimes-associated [[paralysis]], or "[[seat belt syndrome]]" led to the progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require three-point belts, first in all outboard seating positions, and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/Anton_FRNov16.html |title=Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection. Final Rule |website=nhtsa.dot.gov |access-date=2011-02-02 |archive-date=2010-03-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100325092859/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/Anton_FRNov16.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition to regulatory changes, "seat belt syndrome" has led to a [[legal liability|liability]] for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $45 million jury verdict against Ford; the resulting $30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karlsson v. Ford Motor Co. (2006) 140 CA4th 1202 |url= http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA4/140CA4t1202.htm |work=Continuing Education of the Bar - California "CEB" |date=27 June 2006 |access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref>

While lap belts are exceedingly rare to spot in modern cars, they are the standard in commercial airliners. The lift-lever style of [[Airliner|commercial aircraft]] buckles allows for the seatbelt to be easily clasped and unclasped, accessible quickly in case of an emergency where a passenger must evacuate, and fulfills the minimum safety requirements provided by the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] while remaining low-cost to produce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nosowitz |first=Dan |date=2018-01-29 |title=Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/why-are-airplane-seatbelts-so-weird |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, in case of any collision, a passenger in [[economy class]] has only around 9 inches for their head to travel forward, meaning restraining the torso and head is relatively unnecessary as the head has little room to accelerate before collision.

====Sash====
[[File:Seat belt BX.jpg|thumb|upright|A seat belt and tongue]]

A "sash" or shoulder harness is a strap that goes diagonally over the vehicle occupant's outboard shoulder and is buckled inboard of their lap. The shoulder harness may attach to the lap belt tongue, or it may have a tongue and buckle completely separate from those of the lap belt. Shoulder harnesses of this separate or semi-separate type were installed in conjunction with lap belts in the outboard front seating positions of many vehicles in the North American market starting at the inception of the shoulder belt requirement of the U.S. [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]'s (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 on January 1, 1968. However, if the shoulder strap is used without the lap belt, the vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine", or slide forward in the seat and out from under the belt, in a frontal collision. In the mid-1970s, three-point belt systems such as [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler's]] "Uni-Belt" began to supplant the separate lap and shoulder belts in American-made cars, though such three-point belts had already been supplied in European vehicles such as Volvo, [[Mercedes-Benz]], and Saab for some years.