Editing Scotland (section)

=== Kingdom of Scotland ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland in the Early Middle Ages|Scotland in the High Middle Ages|Scotland in the Late Middle Ages}}
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 400
| image1            = Early Medieval Scotland areas.png
| caption1          = Political divisions in early medieval Scotland
| image2            = Kingdom of Mann and the Isles-en.svg
| caption2          = Norse kingdoms at the end of the eleventh century
}}
Beginning in the sixth century, the area that is now Scotland was divided into four areas: [[Pictland]], a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland;<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|25–26}} the [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[Kingdom of Northumbria]], which had conquered southeastern Scotland;<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|18–20}} Northern Brittonic territory likely centred on [[Alt Clut]] (Dumbarton Rock) and the Clyde valley;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarkson |first=Tim |title=Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age |publisher=Birlinn |year=2014 |isbn=9781906566784}}</ref> and [[Dál Riata]], which included territory in western Scotland and northern Ireland, and spread Gaelic language and culture into Scotland.<ref>{{Citation |last=Woolf |first=Alex |title=Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin |date=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1502702 |work=academia.edu |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715071930/https://www.academia.edu/1502702 |url-status=live }}</ref> These societies were based on the family unit and had sharp divisions in wealth, although the vast majority were poor and worked full-time in [[subsistence agriculture]]. The Picts kept slaves (mostly captured in war) through the ninth century.<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|26–27}}

Gaelic influence over Pictland and Northumbria was facilitated by the large number of [[Celtic Church|Gaelic-speaking clerics]] working as missionaries.<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|23–24}} Operating in the sixth century on the island of [[Iona]], [[Saint Columba]] was one of the earliest and best-known missionaries.<ref name="short">{{Cite book |last=Houston |first=Rab |title=Scotland: A Very Short Introduction |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191578861 |location=Oxford |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|39}} The [[Vikings]] began to raid Scotland in the eighth century. Although the raiders sought slaves and luxury items, their main motivation was to acquire land. The oldest [[Norse Scotland|Norse]] settlements were in northwest Scotland, but they eventually conquered many areas along the coast. [[Old Norse]] entirely displaced [[Pictish language|Pictish]] in the [[Northern Isles]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=What makes Shetland, Shetland? |url=https://www.shetland.org/blog/what-makes-shetland-shetland |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=Shetland.org |language=en-gb |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103155353/https://www.shetland.org/blog/what-makes-shetland-shetland |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the ninth century, the Norse threat allowed a Gael named [[Kenneth I]] (Cináed mac Ailpín) to seize power over Pictland, establishing a royal dynasty to which the modern monarchs trace their lineage, and marking the beginning of the end of Pictish culture.<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|31–32}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Dauvit |title=The Oxford Companion to Scottish History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-211696-3 |editor-last=M. Lynch |location=Oxford |page=359 |chapter=Kenneth mac Alpin}}</ref> The kingdom of Cináed and his descendants, called Alba, was Gaelic in character but existed on the same area as Pictland. By the end of the tenth century, the Pictish language went extinct as its speakers shifted to Gaelic.<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|32–33}} From a base in eastern Scotland north of the [[River Forth]] and south of the [[River Spey]], the kingdom expanded first southwards, into the former Northumbrian lands, and northwards into [[Province of Moray|Moray]].<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|34–35}} Around the turn of the millennium, there was a centralization in agricultural lands and the first towns began to be established.<ref name="Forsyth"/>{{Rp|36–37}}

[[File:Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG|thumb|left|[[James V of Scotland]] at the [[Court of Session]] in 1532, at [[Parliament House, Edinburgh]], the [[Parliament of Scotland]] until 1707]]

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, much of Scotland was under the control of a single ruler. Initially, Gaelic culture predominated, but immigrants from France, England and Flanders steadily created a more diverse society, with the Gaelic language starting to be replaced by Scots; and a modern nation-state emerged from this. At the end of this period, war against England started the growth of a [[Scottish national consciousness]].<ref name="Stringer">{{Cite book |last=Stringer |first=Keith |title=Scotland: A History |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199601646 |editor-last=Wormald |editor-first=Jenny |editor-link=Jenny Wormald |location=Oxford |language=en |chapter=The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100–1300 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Barrell 2000">{{Cite book |last=Barrell |first=A. D. M. |title=Medieval Scotland |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58602-3 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|at=ch 1}} [[David I of Scotland|David I]] (1124–1153) and his successors centralised royal power<ref name="Stringer"/>{{Rp|41–42}} and united mainland Scotland, capturing regions such as Moray, [[Galloway]], and [[Caithness]], although he could not extend his power over the [[Hebrides]], which had been ruled by various [[Scottish clans]] following the death of [[Somerled]] in 1164.<ref name="Stringer"/>{{Rp|48–49}} In 1266, Scotland fought the short but consequential [[Scottish-Norwegian War]] which saw the reclamation of the [[Hebrides]] after the strong defeat of King [[Haakon IV]] and his forces at the [[Battle of Largs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=theorkneynews |date=1 October 2022 |title=The Battle of Largs #OnThisDay |url=https://theorkneynews.scot/2022/10/02/the-battle-of-largs-onthisday/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=The Orkney News |language=en-US |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103153307/https://theorkneynews.scot/2022/10/02/the-battle-of-largs-onthisday/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Up until that point, the Hebrides had been under Norwegian Viking control for roughly 400 years and had developed a distinctive [[Norse–Gaelic]] culture that saw many [[Old Norse]] loanwords enter the [[Scottish Gaelic]] spoken by islanders, and through successive generations the Norse would become almost completely assimilated into [[Gaelic culture]] and the [[Scottish clan]] system. After the conflict, Scotland had to affirm Norwegian sovereignty of the [[Northern Isles]], but they were later integrated into Scotland in the 15th century. Scandinavian culture in the form of the [[Norn language]] survived for a lot longer than in the Hebrides, and would strongly influence the local [[Scots language|Scots]] dialect on [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrie |first=Calum |date=7 November 2021 |title=Spikkin Scandinavian: The similarity between Scots and Nordic tongues |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/education/schools/3652656/similarity-between-scots-nordic/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=Press and Journal |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103190336/https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/education/schools/3652656/similarity-between-scots-nordic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, a system of [[feudalism]] was consolidated, with both Anglo-Norman incomers and native Gaelic chieftains being granted land in exchange for serving the king.<ref name="Stringer"/>{{Rp|53–54}} The relationship with [[Kingdom of England|England]] was complex during this period: Scottish kings tried several times, sometimes with success, to exploit English political turmoil, followed by the longest period of peace between Scotland and England in the mediaeval period: from 1217{{En dash}}1296.{{R|Stringer|p=45-46}}