Editing Science fiction (section)

===Television===
{{Main|Science fiction on television|List of science fiction television programs}}
[[File:Al Hodge Don Hastings Captain Video.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Don Hastings (left) and Al Hodge in ''[[Captain Video and His Video Rangers]]''|left]]

Science fiction and [[television]] have consistently been in a close relationship. Television or television-like [[Technology|technologies]] frequently appeared in science fiction long before television itself became widely available in the late 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name = Telotte>
Science Fiction TV, J. P. Telotte, Routledge, 26 March 2014, pages 112, 179</ref>

The first known science fiction television program was a thirty-five-minute [[Film adaptation|adapted]] excerpt of the play ''[[R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)|RUR]]'', written by the [[Czech (people)|Czech]] [[playwright]] [[Karel Čapek]], [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] [[Live television|live]] from the BBC's [[Alexandra Palace]] studios on 11 February 1938.<ref name="r.u.r.">{{cite book |last=Telotte |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC&q=RUR+BBC+first+television+science+fiction&pg=PA210 |title=The essential science fiction television reader |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8131-2492-6 |page=210 |author-link=Jay Telotte |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601043522/https://books.google.com/books?id=cFQicvXd5bwC&q=RUR+BBC+first+television+science+fiction&pg=PA210 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first popular science fiction program on [[Television in the United States|American television]] was the [[Children's television series|children's]] adventure [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] ''[[Captain Video and His Video Rangers]]'', which ran from June 1949 to April 1955.<ref name="cpt video">{{cite web
|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/captainvideo/captainvideo.htm
|title=Captain Video and His Video Rangers
|publisher=The Museum of Broadcast Communications
|author=Suzanne Williams-Rautiolla
|date=2 April 2005
|access-date=17 January 2007
|archive-date=30 March 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330104139/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/captainvideo/captainvideo.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' (the original series), produced and narrated by [[Rod Serling]], who also wrote or co-wrote most of the episodes, ran from 1959 to 1964. It featured [[fantasy]], [[Suspense (genre)|suspense]], and [[Horror film|horror]] as well as science fiction, with each episode being a complete story.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223|title=The Twilight Zone [TV Series] [1959–1964]|work=AllMovie|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180846/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-twilight-zone-tv-series-1959-1964-v133223|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stanyard|first1=Stewart T.|title=Dimensions Behind the Twilight Zone: A Backstage Tribute to Television's Groundbreaking Series|date=2007|publisher=ECW press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-55022-744-4|page=18|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> [[Critic]]s have ranked it as one of the best [[TV programs]] of any [[genre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tv-guide-names-top-50-shows/|title=TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=26 April 2002|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904061715/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/26/entertainment/main507388.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=4925|title=101 Best Written TV Series List|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607080758/http://www.wga.org/content/default.aspx?id=5246}}</ref>

The [[Animation|animated]] series ''[[The Jetsons]]'', while intended as [[Comedy film|comedy]] and only running for one [[Season (television)|season]] (1962–1963), [[Prediction|predicted]] many inventions now in common use: [[Flat panel display|flat-screen]] [[television]]s, [[newspaper]]s on a [[computer]]-like [[computer monitor|screen]], [[computer virus]]es, [[Videotelephony|video chat]], [[tanning bed]]s, home [[treadmill]]s, and more.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=21st Century Brands |url=http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/ |access-date=7 June 2014 |series=Under the Influence |series-link=Under the Influence (radio documentary series) |first=Terry |last=O'Reilly |network=CBC Radio One |date=24 May 2014 |season=3 |number=21 |time=time 2:07 |transcript=Transcript of the original source |transcript-url=http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/ |quote=The series had lots of interesting devices that marveled us back in the 1960s. In episode one, we see wife Jane doing exercises in front of a flatscreen television. In another episode, we see George Jetson reading the newspaper on a screen. Can anyone say tablet? In another, Boss Spacely tells George to fix something called a "computer virus". Everyone on the show uses video chat, foreshadowing Skype and Face Time. There is a robot vacuum cleaner, foretelling the 2002 arrival of the iRobot Roomba vacuum. There was also a tanning bed used in an episode, a product that wasn't introduced to North America until 1979. And while flying space cars that have yet to land in our lives, the Jetsons show had moving sidewalks like we now have in airports, treadmills that didn't hit the consumer market until 1969, and they had a repairman who had a piece of technology called... Mac. |archive-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608190711/http://www.cbc.ca/undertheinfluence/season-3/2014/05/24/21st-century-brands-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In 1963, the time travel-themed ''[[Doctor Who]]'' premiered on BBC Television.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml|website= BBC|title= Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – An Unearthly Child – Details|access-date= 30 March 2019|archive-date= 25 October 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112652/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/unearthlychild/detail.shtml|url-status= live}}</ref> The original series ran until 1989 and was revived in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jun/21/broadcasting.bbc|title=Doctor Who finally makes the Grade|last=Deans|first=Jason|date=21 June 2005|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075434/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jun/21/broadcasting.bbc|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been extremely [[Popular culture|popular]] worldwide and has greatly influenced later TV science fiction.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2006 |title=The end of Olde Englande: A lament for Blighty |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946 |access-date=18 September 2006 |archive-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617180057/http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7912946 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICONS. A Portrait of England |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who |access-date=10 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103085551/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/doctor-who |archive-date=3 November 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Moran">{{cite news|first=Caitlin|last=Moran|author-link=Caitlin Moran|title=Doctor Who is simply masterful|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece|work=The Times|location=London|date=30 June 2007|access-date=1 July 2007|quote=[''Doctor Who''] is as thrilling and as loved as ''Jolene'', or bread and cheese, or honeysuckle, or Friday. It's quintessential to being British.|archive-date=17 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617002012/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article1989181.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

Other programs in the 1960s included ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'' (1963–1965),<ref>{{cite journal|year=1997|title=Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time|journal=[[TV Guide]]|issue=28 June – 4 July}}</ref> ''[[Lost in Space]]'' (1965–1968), and ''[[The Prisoner]]'' (1967).<ref>British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker's Guide, John R. Cook, Peter Wright, I.B.Tauris, 6 January 2006, page 9</ref><ref>Gowran, Clay. "Nielsen Ratings Are Dim on New Shows". Chicago Tribune. 11 October 1966: B10.</ref><ref>Gould, Jack. "How Does Your Favorite Rate? Maybe Higher Than You Think." ''New York Times''. 16 October 1966: 129.</ref>

''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' (the original series), created by [[Gene Roddenberry]], premiered in 1966 on [[NBC Television]] and ran for three seasons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|title=NBC: America's Network|last1=Hilmes|first1=Michele|last2=Henry|first2=Michael Lowell|date=1 August 2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25079-6|language=en|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&pg=PA209|url-status=live}}</ref> It combined elements of [[space opera]] and [[Space Western]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html|title=A First Showing for 'Star Trek' Pilot|date=22 July 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327185925/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/22/arts/a-first-showing-for-star-trek-pilot.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Only mildly successful at first, the series gained [[popularity]] through [[Broadcast syndication|syndication]] and extraordinary [[Cultural influence of Star Trek#Fandom|fan interest]]. It became a very popular and influential [[Star Trek franchise|franchise]] with many [[List of Star Trek films|films]], [[List of Star Trek television series|television shows]], [[List of Star Trek novels|novels]], and other works and products.<ref name="STPitch1">Roddenberry, Gene (11 March 1964). [http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf ''Star Trek'' Pitch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512162509/http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf |date=12 May 2016 }}, first draft.  Accessed at ''LeeThomson.myzen.co.uk''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startrek.com/custom/include/feature/intro/timeline_future.html |title=STARTREK.COM: Universe Timeline |publisher=Startrek.com |access-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703073608/http://www.startrek.com/custom/include/feature/intro/timeline_future.html |archive-date=3 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future |last1=Okada |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Okuda |first2=Denise|last2=Okadu|author-link2=Denise Okuda|date=1 November 1996 |publisher=Pocket Books |isbn=978-0-671-53610-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rx0eAAAAIBAJ&dq=star-trek%20syndication%20%7C%20rerun&pg=6303,2206524|title=The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=30 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' (1987–1994) led to six additional live action ''[[Star Trek]]'' shows: ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine|Deep Space Nine]]'' (1993–1999), ''[[Star Trek: Voyager|Voyager]]'' (1995–2001)'','' ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise|Enterprise]]'' (2001–2005), ''[[Star Trek: Discovery|Discovery]]'' (2017–2024), ''[[Star Trek: Picard|Picard]]'' (2020–2023), and ''[[Star Trek: Strange New Worlds|Strange New Worlds]]'' (2022–present), with more in some form of development.<ref>{{Citation|title=Star Trek: The Next Generation|date=26 September 1987|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092455/|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325034605/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092455/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/star-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510|title='Star Trek' Picard series won't premiere until late 2019, after 'Discovery' Season 2|first=Andrew |last=Whalen|date=5 December 2018|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330093825/https://www.newsweek.com/star-trek-picard-series-release-date-discovery-season-2-tng-next-generation-1245510|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.startrek.com/article/new-trek-animated-series-announced|title=New Trek Animated Series Announced|website=www.startrek.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330084323/https://www.startrek.com/article/new-trek-animated-series-announced|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/patrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262|title=Patrick Stewart to Reprise 'Star Trek' Role in New CBS All Access Series|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=4 August 2018|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804224352/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/patrick-stewart-reprise-star-trek-role-new-cbs-all-access-series-1132262|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[miniseries]] [[V (1983 miniseries)|''V'']] premiered in 1983 on NBC.<ref>Bedell, Sally (4 May 1983). "'V' SERIES AN NBC HIT". The New York Times. p. 27</ref>  It depicted an attempted takeover of Earth by [[reptilian aliens]].<ref name="EW 2005">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1073590_6,00.html|title=Mini Splendored Things|last=Susman|first=Gary|date=17 November 2005|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=EW.com|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=25 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225052201/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1073590_6,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  ''[[Red Dwarf]]'', a [[comic science fiction]] series aired on [[BBC Two]] between 1988 and 1999, and on [[Dave (TV channel)|Dave]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/10_october/reddwarf.shtml |title=Worldwide Press Office – Red Dwarf on DVD |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 November 2009 |archive-date=27 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227022348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/10_october/reddwarf.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>  ''[[The X-Files]]'', which featured [[UFO]]s and [[conspiracy theories]], was created by [[Chris Carter (screenwriter)|Chris Carter]] and broadcast by [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] from 1993 to 2002,<ref name="BehindTheXFiles">{{cite journal|title=Opening the X-Files: Behind the Scenes of TV's Hottest Show|first=David|last=Bischoff|date=December 1994|journal=[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]]|volume=17|issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Goodman, Tim | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/01/18/DD209382.DTL&type=printable | title='X-Files' Creator Ends Fox Series | newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=18 January 2002 | access-date=27 July 2009 | archive-date=15 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061412/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F01%2F18%2FDD209382.DTL&type=printable | url-status=live }}</ref> and again from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/gillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit/|title=Gillian Anderson Confirms She's Leaving The X-Files {{!}} TV Guide|date=10 January 2018|website=TVGuide.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430215457/https://www.tvguide.com/news/gillian-anderson-confirms-the-x-files-exit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/x-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721/|title='The X-Files' Returns As Fox Event Series With Creator Chris Carter And Stars David Duchovny & Gillian Anderson|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|date=24 March 2015|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075436/https://deadline.com/2015/03/x-files-returns-fox-event-series-david-duchovny-gillian-anderson-chris-carter-1201397721/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

''[[Stargate (film)|Stargate]]'', a film about [[ancient astronauts]] and interstellar [[teleportation]], was released in 1994. ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' premiered in 1997 and ran for 10 seasons (1997–2007). Spin-off series included ''[[Stargate Infinity]]'' (2002–2003), ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'' (2004–2009), and ''[[Stargate Universe]]'' (2009–2011).<ref>{{cite news |first=Darren |last=Sumner |url=http://www.gateworld.net/news/2011/05/smallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record/ |title=''Smallville'' bows this week&nbsp;– with ''Stargate''{{'}}s world record |publisher=[[GateWorld]] |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301025644/http://www.gateworld.net/news/2011/05/smallville-bows-this-week-with-stargates-world-record/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Other 1990s series included ''[[Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'' (1989–1993) and ''[[Babylon 5]]'' (1994–1999).<ref>{{Cite web|title=CultT797.html|url=http://www.maestravida.com/weinwalk/CultT797.html|access-date=29 December 2022|website=www.maestravida.com|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181155/http://www.maestravida.com/weinwalk/CultT797.html}}</ref> [[Syfy]], launched in 1992 as The Sci-Fi Channel,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/03/the-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html|title=The 20 Best SyFy TV Shows of All Time|website=pastemagazine.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|date=9 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330082034/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/03/the-best-syfy-tv-shows-of-all-time.html|url-status=live}}</ref> specializes in science fiction, [[supernatural horror]], and [[fantasy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syfy.com/contributors|title=About Us|website=SYFY|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330095407/https://www.syfy.com/contributors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/news/so-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985|title=So long, nerds! Syfy doesn't need you|website=TODAY.com|language=en|first=Ree|last=Hines|date=27 April 2010|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123001/https://www.today.com/news/so-long-nerds-syfy-doesn-t-need-you-wbna36698985|url-status=live}}</ref>

The space-Western series ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'' premiered in 2002 on Fox. It is set in the year 2517, after the arrival of humans in a new star system, and follows the adventures of the renegade crew of ''[[Serenity (fictional spacecraft)|Serenity]]'', a "''Firefly''-class" spaceship.<ref name="torontosun">{{Cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/F/Firefly/2002/07/22/734323.html |title=Firefly series ready for liftoff |last=Brioux |first=Bill |publisher=jam.canoe.ca |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715154524/http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/F/Firefly/2002/07/22/734323.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=10 December 2006 }}</ref> ''[[Orphan Black]]'' began its five-season run in 2013, about a woman who assumes the identity of one of her several genetically identical human clones. In late 2015, Syfy premiered ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' to great critical acclaim, an American TV series about humanity's colonization of the Solar System. Its later seasons would then be aired through [[Amazon Prime Video]].