Editing Schwann cell (section)

=== Schwann cell formation ===

==== Sox10 ====
SOX10 is a transcription factor active during embryonic development and abundant evidence indicates that it is essential for the generation of glial lineages from trunk crest cells.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Britisch, S.|title=The transcription factor Sox10 is a key regulator of peripheral glial development|journal=Genes Dev.|volume=15|issue=1|pages=66–78|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1101/gad.186601|pmid=11156606|year=2001|pmc=312607}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Paratore, C., Goerich, D. E., Suter, U., Wegner, M. & Sommer, L.|title=Survival and glial fate acquisition of neural crest cells are regulated by an interplay between the transcription factor Sox10 and extrinsic combinatorial signalling|journal=Development|year=2001 |volume=128|issue=20 |pages=3949–61|doi=10.1242/dev.128.20.3949 |pmid=11641219}}</ref> When SOX10 is inactivated in mice, satellite glia and Schwann cell precursors fail to develop, though neurons are generated normally without issue.<ref name=":0" /> In the absence of SOX10, neural crest cells survive and are free to generate neurons, but glial specification is blocked.<ref name=":1" /> SOX10 might influence early glial precursors to respond to neuregulin 1<ref name=":0" /> (see below).

==== Neuregulin 1 ====
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) acts in a number of ways to both promote the formation and ensure the survival of immature Schwann cells.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shah, N. M.|date=1994|title=Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to glial fate|journal=Cell|volume=77|issue=3|pages=349–60|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(94)90150-3|pmid=7910115|s2cid=20297598|display-authors=etal}}</ref> During embryonic development, NRG1 inhibits the formation of neurons from neural crest cells, instead contributing to neural crest cells being led down a path to gliogenesis. NRG1 signaling is not, however, required for glial differentiation from the neural crest.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author1=Jessen, K. R.  |author2=Misky, R. |name-list-style=amp |date=2005|title=The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|volume=6|issue=9 |pages=671–82|doi=10.1038/nrn1746|pmid=16136171|s2cid=7540462 }}</ref>

NRG1 plays important roles in the development of neural crest derivatives. It is required for neural crest cells to migrate past the site of dorsal root ganglia to find the ventral regions of sympathetic gangliogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Britisch, S.|date=1998|title=The ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors and their ligand, neuregulin-1 are essential for development of the sympathetic nervous system|journal=Genes Dev.|volume=12|issue=12|pages=1825–36|doi= 10.1101/gad.12.12.1825|pmid=9637684|display-authors=etal|pmc=316903}}</ref> It is also an essential axon-derived survival factor and a mitogen for Schwann cell precursors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dong, Z.|date=1995|title=NDF is a neuron-glia signal and regulates survival, proliferation, and maturation of rat Schwann cell precursors|journal=Neuron|volume=15|issue=3|pages=585–96|doi=10.1016/0896-6273(95)90147-7|pmid=7546738|s2cid=15332720|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is found in the dorsal root ganglion and motor neurons at the point in time that Schwann cell precursors begin to populate spinal nerves and therefore influences Schwann cell survival.<ref name=":2" /> In embryonic nerves, the transmembrane III isoform likely is the primary variant of NRG1 responsible for survival signals. In mice that lack the transmembrane III isoform, Schwann cell precursors are eventually eliminated from spinal nerves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wolpowitz, D.|date=2000|title=Cysteine-rich domain isoforms of the neuregulin-1 gene are required for maintenance of peripheral synapses|journal=Neuron|volume=25|issue=1|pages=79–91|doi=10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80873-9|pmid=10707974|s2cid=16187922|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref>