Editing Sauk people (section)

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Sauk Indian family by Frank Rinehart 1899.jpg |thumb |right |Sauk Indian family photographed by [[Frank Rinehart]] in 1899]]
Having failed to receive expected supplies from the Americans on credit, Black Hawk wanted to fight, saying his people were "forced into war by being deceived".<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Black Hawk|date=1882|title=Autobiography of Black Hawk or Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak|translator-last=LeClair|translator-first=Antoine|publisher=J.B. Patterson|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7097/7097-h/7097-h.htm|access-date=August 21, 2022|archive-date=August 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817212555/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7097/7097-h/7097-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Led by Black Hawk in 1832, the mainly Sac band resisted the continued loss of lands (in western Illinois, this time.) Their warfare with United States forces resulted in defeat at the hands of General [[Edmund P. Gaines]] in the [[Black Hawk War]].

From 1832 to 1837, debt and poverty were tools used to coerce the Sauk and Meskwaki to relocate three times following [[Black Hawk Purchase|successive cessions]] of territory.  The population of the two tribes living in Iowa was halved in the twelve years from 1833 to 1845.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rigal |first=Laura |date=2009 |title=Watershed Days on the Treaty Line, 1836-1839. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20722027.pdf |journal=The Iowa Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=206 |doi=10.17077/0021-065X.6729 |jstor=20722027 |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref>