Editing Satire (section)

===Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean===
[[File:Satire (Orazio) - pag. 12.JPG|thumb|upright|{{center|"Le satire e l'epistole di Q. Orazio Flacco", printed in 1814}}]]
Satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either Horatian, Juvenalian, or [[Menippean satire|Menippean]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Rolf Arnold|title=Komik und Satire|year=1973|publisher=Juris-Verlag|location=Zürich|isbn=978-3-260-03570-8|language=de|page= 92}}</ref>

====Horatian====
Horatian satire, named for the Roman satirist [[Horace]] (65–8 BCE), playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humour. Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) wrote Satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and "philosophical beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-horatian-satire.htm|title=What Is Horatian Satire?|work=wiseGEEK|date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones, he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery. Horatian satire follows this same pattern of "gently [ridiculing] the absurdities and follies of human beings".<ref name=nku.edu>{{cite web|url=http://www.nku.edu/~rkdrury/422/satire_terms.html|title=Satire Terms|work=nku.edu}}</ref>

It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly, rather than evil. Horatian satire's sympathetic tone is common in modern society.<ref>{{cite book|first=Raja|last=Sharma|title="Comedy" in New Light-Literary Studies|year=2011}}</ref> A Horatian satirist's goal is to heal the situation with smiles, rather than by anger. Horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile.<ref name="nku.edu"/>

====Juvenalian====
{{See also|Satires of Juvenal}}

Juvenalian satire, named for the writings of the Roman satirist [[Juvenal]] (late first century – early second century AD), is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian. Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Empire and actively attacked them through his literature. "He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent".<ref name="wisegeek.com">{{Cite web |last=Podzemny |first=Todd |date=2011-11-09 |title=What Is Juvenalian Satire? |url=https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-juvenalian-satire.htm |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Language & Humanities}}</ref> Juvenal's satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures. Juvenal also, unlike Horace, attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires, regarding their opinions as not just wrong, but evil.

Following in this tradition, Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized by the use of irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor. Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian.

A Juvenal satirist's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.literarydevices.com/satire/|title=Satire Examples and Definition|work=Literary Devices|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref> A Juvenal satirist mocks "societal structure, power, and civilization"<ref name="k887">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-02 |title=Definition, Types & Examples |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/satire-in-literature-definition-types-examples.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Study.com}}</ref> by exaggerating the words or position of his opponent in order to jeopardize their opponent's reputation and/or power. [[Jonathan Swift]] has been established as an author who "borrowed heavily from Juvenal's techniques in [his critique] of contemporary English society".<ref name="wisegeek.com" />

====Menippean====
{{Main|Menippean satire}}