Editing San Marino (section)

== Government ==
{{Main|Politics of San Marino}}
{{See also|Foreign relations of San Marino|Constitution of San Marino|Capital punishment in San Marino|San Marino passport|Law enforcement in San Marino|Elections in San Marino}}
[[File:Palazzo Pubblico - esterno.jpg|thumb|The [[Palazzo Pubblico (San Marino)|Palazzo Pubblico]], seat of the government of San Marino]]
[[File:Captains Regent Tomassoni, Rossi, Mancini and Selva.jpg|thumb|Four former captains regent: from left to right, [[Mirko Tomassoni]], [[Alessandro Rossi (Captains Regent)|Alessandro Rossi]], [[Alessandro Mancini]], and [[Alberto Selva]]]]
San Marino has the political framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democratic]] [[republic]]: the [[captains regent]] are [[heads of state]],<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.rightofassembly.info/assets/downloads/1974_Constitution_of_San_Marino.pdf|title=Law No. 59 of 8 July 1974 – Declaration of Citizens' Rights and of the fundamental principles of the San Marinese legal order|publisher=Albo del Pubblico Palazzo|date=17 July 1974|via=rightofassembly.com|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> and there is a [[Diversity (politics)|pluriform]] [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. Although there is no formal head of government, the secretary for foreign and political affairs is in many ways equal to the prime minister in other countries.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/san-marino/freedom-world/2021| title=San Marino: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report}}</ref> [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and the [[Grand and General Council]]. The [[judiciary of San Marino|judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature.

San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect, as the Statutes of 1600 are still at the core of its constitutional framework.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/aug/08/jon-huntsman/oldest-surviving-one-document-text/|title=The United States has "the longest surviving constitution."|publisher=PolitiFact.com|access-date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

San Marino was originally led by the [[Arengo]], initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13th century, power was given to the Grand and General Council. In 1243, the first two captains regent were nominated by the council. Still today, Captains Regent are elected every six months by the council.

The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council ({{Lang|it|Consiglio grande e generale}}). The council is a unicameral legislature with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportional representation in all nine administrative districts. These districts (townships) correspond to the old [[parish]]es of the republic. All [[citizen]]s 18 years or older are eligible to vote.

Besides general legislation, the Grand and General Council approves the budget and elects the captains regent, the State Congress (composed of ten secretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (which forms the [[judicial branch]] during the period of legislature of the council), the Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions. The council also has the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The council is divided into five different Advising Commissions consisting of fifteen councilors who examine, propose, and discuss the implementation of new laws that are on their way to being presented on the floor of the council.

Every six months, the council elects two captains regent to be the heads of state. The captains are chosen from opposing parties so that there is a balance of power. They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October in every year. Once this term is over, citizens have three days in which to file complaints about the captains' activities. If they warrant it, judicial proceedings against the ex-head(s) of state can be initiated.

The practice of having two heads of state chosen in frequent elections is derived directly from the customs of the [[Roman Republic]]. The council is equivalent to the [[Roman Senate]]; the captains regent, to the [[Roman consul|consuls]] of ancient [[Rome]]. It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own protection from foreign rule.

San Marino is a multi-party democratic republic. A new election law in 2008 raised the threshold for small parties entering Parliament, causing political parties to organise themselves into two alliances: the right-wing [[Pact for San Marino]], led by the [[Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party]]; and the left-wing [[Reforms and Freedom]], led by the [[Party of Socialists and Democrats]], a merger of the [[Socialist Party of San Marino]] and the former communist [[Party of Democrats]]. The [[Sammarinese general election, 2008|2008 general election]] was won by the Pact for San Marino with 35 seats in the Grand and General Council against the Reforms and Freedom party's 25.

On 1 October 2007, [[Mirko Tomassoni]] was elected as captain regent, making him the first disabled person elected to that office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2007/10/sezioni/esteri/disabile-san-marino/disabile-san-marino/disabile-san-marino.html|title=San Marino, primo capo di Stato disabile "Via tutte le barriere architettoniche" – esteri|publisher=Repubblica.it|date=1 October 2007|access-date=24 October 2009}}</ref>

San Marino has had more [[List of elected or appointed female heads of state|female heads of state]] than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, including three who served twice.

On 1 April 2022, 58-year-old [[Paolo Rondelli]] was elected as one of the two captains regent. He had previously been the Ambassador to the United States and is the world's first openly gay head of state.<ref name="lyman">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/04/san-marino-appoints-worlds-first-openly-gay-head-of-state|title=San Marino appoints world's first openly gay head of state|work=The Guardian|last=Lyman|first=Eric J.|date=4 April 2022|access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Castelli of San Marino|List of curazie in San Marino}}
[[File:San Marino.png|thumb|''{{lang|it|[[Castelli of San Marino|Castelli]]}}'' of San Marino]]
San Marino is geographically divided into nine ''{{lang|it|[[Castelli of San Marino|castelli]]}}'' ({{Literal translation|castles}}, equivalent to a [[municipality]]),<ref name="Elezioni2">{{cite web|last1=Rattini|first1=Maurizio|last2=Venturini|first2=Gian Carlo|last3=Volpinari|first3=Antonio L.|date=21 March 1997|title=Regolamento per la disciplina della campagna elttorale|url=http://www.elezioni.sm/index.php?id=299|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805215911/http://www.elezioni.sm/index.php?id=299|archivedate=5 August 2009|accessdate=14 February 2020|website=Elezioni|language=it}}</ref> each of which contains a capital ({{Lang|it|capoluogo}}), with other population centres sorted into {{Lang|it|[[Curazia|curazie]]}} (equivalent to Italian {{Lang|it|[[Frazione|frazioni]]}}). Each ''{{lang|it|castello}}'' is led by a Castle Captain ({{Langx|it|Capitano di Castello}}) and a Castle Council ({{Lang|it|Giunta di Castello}}), elected every five years.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|title=I 9 Castelli di San Marino: peculiarità e storia|trans-title=The nine castles of San Marino: peculiarities and history|url=https://www.sanmarinoweb.it/castelli-di-san-marino/|access-date=9 February 2024|website=San Marino Web|language=it-SM}}</ref>

The nine ''{{lang|it|castelli}}'' are the [[City of San Marino]], which is San Marino's capital city, [[Acquaviva (San Marino)|Acquaviva]], [[Borgo Maggiore]], [[Chiesanuova]], [[Domagnano]], [[Faetano]], [[Fiorentino]], [[Montegiardino]], and [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]].<ref name="Elezioni2" />

San Marino's 44 {{Lang|it|curazie}} are [[Cà Berlone]], [[Cà Chiavello]], [[Cà Giannino]], [[Cà Melone]], [[Cà Ragni]], [[Cà Rigo]], [[Cailungo]] (di Sopra and di Sotto), [[Caladino]], [[Calligaria]], [[Canepa, San Marino|Canepa]], [[Capanne, San Marino|Capanne]], [[Casole]], [[Castellaro, San Marino|Castellaro]], [[Cerbaiola]], [[Cinque Vie]], [[Confine]], [[Corianino]], [[Crociale]], [[Dogana]], [[Falciano]], [[Fiorina (San Marino)|Fiorina]], [[Galavotto]], [[Gualdicciolo]], [[La Serra]], [[Lesignano]], [[Molarini]], [[Montalbo, San Marino|Montalbo]], [[Monte Pulito]], [[Murata (San Marino)|Murata]], [[Pianacci]], [[Piandivello]], [[Poggio Casalino]], [[Poggio Chiesanuova]], [[Ponte Mellini]], [[Rovereta]], [[San Giovanni sotto le Penne]], [[Santa Mustiola]], [[Spaccio Giannoni]], [[Teglio, San Marino|Teglio]], [[Torraccia]], [[Valdragone]] (di Sopra and di Sotto), [[Valgiurata]], and [[Ventoso]].<ref name="Elezioni2" />

=== Military ===
{{Main|Sammarinese Armed Forces}}
San Marino's military forces are among the smallest in the world. National defence is, by arrangement, the responsibility of [[Military of Italy|Italy's armed forces]]. Different branches have varied functions, including performing ceremonial duties, patrolling borders, mounting guard at government buildings, and assisting police in major criminal cases. The [[Civil Police (San Marino)|police]] are not included in the military of San Marino.

==== Crossbow Corps ====
Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80 volunteers. Since 1295, the Crossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of [[crossbow]] shooting at festivals. Its uniform design is medieval. While still a statutory military unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military function today.

==== Guard of the Rock ====
[[File:Guardia di Rocca al Palazzo Pubblico San Marino.jpg|thumb|Guards of the Rock]]
The [[Sammarinese Armed Forces|Guard of the Rock]] is a front-line military unit in the San Marino armed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrolling borders and defending them.<ref name=guidelines/> In their role as Fortress Guards they are responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in [[San Marino, San Marino|San Marino City]], the seat of national government.

In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists and are known for their colourful ceremony of [[Changing the Guard]].<ref name=guidelines/> Under the 1987 statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as "Criminal Police Officers" (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in investigating major crime. The uniform of the Guard of the Rock is a distinctive red and green.<ref name=guidelines/>

==== Guard of the Grand and General Council ====
The Guard of the Grand and General Council commonly known as The Guard of the council or locally as the "Guard of Nobles", formed in 1741,<ref name=guidelines/> is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is perhaps the best-known part of the Sammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of the republic. The functions of the Guard of the council are to protect the [[captains regent]], and to defend the Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also act as ceremonial bodyguards to government officials at both state and church festivals.

==== Company of Uniformed Militia ====
In former times, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basic fighting force of the armed forces of San Marino, but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride for many Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all citizens with at least six years' residence in the republic are entitled to enroll.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

The uniform is dark blue, with a [[kepi]] bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniform includes a white cross-strap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.

==== Military Ensemble ====
Formally this is part of the Army Militia,<ref name=guidelines/> and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of approximately 60 musicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandamilitaresanmarino.org/chi-siamo/|title=Chi Siamo|publisher=Banda Militare della Repubblica di San Marino|access-date=19 July 2020|language=it}}</ref> The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble music accompanies most state occasions in the republic.

==== Gendarmerie ====
Established in 1842, the [[Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino|Gendarmerie of San Marino]] is a militarised law enforcement agency.<ref name=guidelines>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanmarinosite.com/eng/corpimilitari.html|title=San Marino Military Organizations|access-date=3 September 2011|author=San Marino Department of Tourism|year=2011|language=en, it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917042756/http://www.sanmarinosite.com/eng/corpimilitari.html|archive-date=17 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its members are full-time and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of law and order.

The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the co-operation of full-time forces and their retained (volunteer) colleagues, known as the {{Lang|it|Corpi Militari Volontari}}, or Voluntary Military Force.

=== LGBTQ+ rights ===
{{Excerpt|LGBTQ rights in San Marino|only=paragraphs}}