Editing Sakhalin (section)

==== Qing tributary ====
[[File:Carte Generale de l'Empire Chinois et du Japon.png|thumb|right|French map from 1821 showing Sakhalin as part of Qing Empire]]

The Manchu [[Qing dynasty]], which came to power in China in 1644, called Sakhalin "Kuyedao" ({{Lang-zh|s=库页岛|p=Kùyè dǎo|l=island of the Ainu}}){{sfn|Smith|2017|p=83}}{{sfn|Kim|2019|p=81}}{{sfn|Nakayama|2015|p= 20}} or "Kuye Fiyaka" ([[Manchu language|{{MongolUnicode|ᡴᡠᠶᡝ<br />ᡶᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ}}]]).{{sfn|Schlesinger|2017|p=135}} The [[Manchus]] called it "Sagaliyan ula angga hada" (Island at the Mouth of the Black River).{{sfn|Narangoa|2014|p=295}} The Qing first asserted influence over Sakhalin after the 1689 [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]], which defined the [[Stanovoy Mountains]] as the border between the Qing and the [[Russian Empire]]s. In the following year the Qing sent forces to the [[Amur]] estuary and demanded that the residents, including the Sakhalin Ainu, pay tribute. This was followed by several further visits to the island as part of the Qing effort to map the area. To enforce its influence, the Qing sent soldiers and mandarins across Sakhalin, reaching most parts of the island except the southern tip. The Qing imposed a fur-tribute system on the region's inhabitants.{{sfn|Walker|2006|pp= 134–135}}{{sfn|Sasaki|1999|pp= 87–89}}<ref name="apjjf.org"/>

{{blockquote|The Qing dynasty ruled these regions by imposing upon them a fur tribute system, just as had the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Residents who were required to pay tributes had to register according to their ''hala'' ({{MongolUnicode|ᡥᠠᠯᠠ}}, the clan of the father's side) and ''gashan'' ({{MongolUnicode|ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ}}, village), and a designated chief of each unit was put in charge of district security as well as the annual collection and delivery of fur. By 1750, fifty-six ''hala'' and 2,398 households were registered as fur tribute payers, – those who paid with fur were rewarded mainly with Nishiki silk [[brocade]], and every year the dynasty supplied the chief of each clan and village with official silk clothes (''mangpao'', ''duanpao''), which were the gowns of the mandarin. Those who offered especially large fur tributes were granted the right to create a familial relationship with officials of the Manchu [[Eight Banners]] (at the time equivalent to Chinese aristocrats) by marrying an official's adopted daughter. Further, the tribute payers were allowed to engage in trade with officials and merchants at the tribute location. By these policies, the Qing dynasty brought political stability to the region and established the basis for commerce and economic development.{{sfn|Sasaki|1999|pp= 87–89}}|Shiro Sasaki}}

The Qing dynasty established an office in [[Ningguta]], situated midway along the [[Mudan River]], to handle fur from the lower Amur and Sakhalin. Tribute was supposed to be brought to regional offices, but the lower Amur and Sakhalin were considered too remote, so the Qing sent officials directly to these regions every year to collect tribute and to present awards. By the 1730s, the Qing had appointed senior figures among the indigenous communities as "clan chief" (''hala-i-da'') or "village chief" (''gasan-da'' or ''mokun-da''). In 1732, 6 ''hala'', 18 ''gasban'', and 148 households were registered as tribute bearers in Sakhalin. Manchu officials gave tribute missions rice, salt, other necessities, and gifts  during the duration of their mission. Tribute missions occurred during the summer months. During the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (r. 1735–95), a trade post existed at Delen, upstream of Kiji (Kizi) Lake, according to [[Rinzo Mamiya]]. There were 500–600 people at the market during Mamiya's stay there.{{sfn|Sasaki|1999|p=87}}<ref name="apjjf.org"/>

Local native Sakhalin chiefs had their daughters taken as wives by Manchu officials as sanctioned by the Qing dynasty when the Qing exercised jurisdiction in Sakhalin and took tribute from them.<ref>(Shiro Sasaki, ‘A History of the Far East Indigenous Peoples’ Transborder Activities Between the Russian and Chinese Empires’, Senri Ethnological Studies, vol. 92, 2016, pp. 161‒193.) Sasaki, ‘A History of the Far East Indigenous Peoples’ Transborder Activities’, p. 173.</ref><ref name="apjjf.org">{{cite journal |last1=Morris-Suzuki |first1= Tessa |date=November 15, 2020 |title=Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers) |url=https://apjjf.org/2020/22/Morris-Suzuki.html |journal= Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal|volume=18 |issue=22 |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>