Editing Sándor Ferenczi (section)

=== The "confusion of tongues" theory of trauma ===

Ferenczi believed that the persistent traumatic effect of chronic overstimulation, deprivation, or empathic failure (a term further elaborated by [[Heinz Kohut]]) during childhood is what causes neurotic, character, borderline and psychotic disorders.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} According to this concept, trauma develops as a result of the sexual seduction of a child by a parent or authority figure. The confusion of tongues occurs when the child pretends to be the spouse of the parent. The pathological adult interprets this infantile and innocent game according to his adult "passion tongue" and then forces the child to conform to his passion tongue. The adult uses a tongue the child does not know, and interprets the child's innocent game (his infantile tongue) according to his disturbed perspective. For example, a father is playing with his little girl. During their common game, she offers him the role of her husband and wants him to sleep with her just as he sleeps with her mother. The pathological father misinterprets this childish offer, and touches his daughter in an inappropriate manner while they are in bed together. Here, the child spoke her innocent childish tongue, and the father interpreted her offer with his passionate adult sexual tongue.
The adult also attempts to convince the child that the lust on his part is really the love for which the child yearns. Ferenczi generalized the idea of trauma to emotional neglect, physical maltreatment, and empathic failure. The prominent manifestation of these disturbances would be the sexual abuse.<ref>''Trauma-related lectures and notes''. {{cite book |first=Sándor |last=Ferenczi |title=Infantil-Angriffe! - Über sexuelle Gewalt, Trauma und Dissoziation |url=http://www.autonomie-und-chaos.de/sandor-ferenczi-infantil-angriffe-ueber-sexuelle-gewalt-trauma-und-dissoziation-pdf |location=[[Berlin]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-923-21136-4|language=de}}</ref>

A [[Lacanian]] reading of Ferenczi's 'Confusion of Tongues' was published in 2018 by Miguel Gutiérrez-Peláez.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Confusion-of-Tongues-A-Return-to-Sandor-Ferenczi/Gutierrez-Pelaez/p/book/9781782205722|title = Confusion of Tongues: A Return to Sandor Ferenczi}}</ref> [[Raluca Soreanu]] has investigated the metapsychological implications of 'Confusion of Tongues' the ''Clinical Diary'' for a theory of psychic splitting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soreanu |first=Raluca |date=2018 |title=The Psychic Life of Fragments: Splitting from Ferenczi to Klein* |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s11231-018-9167-0 |journal=The American Journal of Psychoanalysis |language=en |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=421–444 |doi=10.1057/s11231-018-9167-0 |pmid=30361647 |s2cid=255062135 |issn=0002-9548}}</ref>

[[File:Freud and other psychoanalysts 1922.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Left to right, seated: [[Sigmund Freud]], Sándor Ferenczi, and [[Hanns Sachs]].  Standing;  [[Otto Rank]], [[Karl Abraham]], [[Max Eitingon]], and [[Ernest Jones]].  Photo 1922]]