Editing Rye (section)

=== Pests and diseases ===

{{further|List of rye diseases}}

[[File:Claviceps purpurea 47424140.jpg|thumb|The poisonous [[ergot]] fungus growing on rye]]

Pests including the nematode ''[[Ditylenchus dipsaci]]'' and a variety of herbivorous insects can seriously affect plant health.<ref name="Matz-1991">{{cite book |last=Matz |first=Samuel A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKY0h5YrQVwC&pg=PA182 |title=Chemistry and Technology of Cereals as Food and Feed |publisher=[[Van Nostrand Reinhold]]/AVI |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-442-30830-8 |location=New York |pages=181–182 |access-date=July 14, 2016}}</ref>

Rye is highly susceptible to the [[ergot]] fungus.<ref>[http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ergot ergot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201034/http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ergot|date=March 3, 2016}}, online medical dictionary</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090910032206/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fthree%2F000036589.htm ergot], [[Dorland's Medical Dictionary]]</ref> Consumption of ergot-infected rye by humans and animals results in [[ergotism]], which causes convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, hallucinations and death. Historically, damp northern countries that depended on rye as a staple crop were subject to periodic epidemics.<ref name="Wong-1998">{{cite web |last=Wong |first=George J. |date=1998 |title=Ergot of Rye: History |url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/LECT12.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124221943/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/bot135/lect12.htm |archive-date=November 24, 2005 |access-date=July 12, 2016 |work=Botany 135 Syllabus |publisher= [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], Botany Department}}</ref> Modern grain-cleaning and milling methods have practically eliminated ergotism, but it remains a risk if food safety vigilance breaks down.<ref name="Belser-Ehrlich-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Belser-Ehrlich |first1=Sarah |last2=Harper |first2=Ashley |last3=Hussey |first3=John |last4=Hallock |first4=Robert |title=Human and cattle ergotism since 1900: Symptoms, outbreaks, and regulations |journal=Toxicology and Industrial Health |volume=29 |issue=4 |date=2013 |doi=10.1177/0748233711432570 |pages=307–316|pmid=22903169 }}</ref>

After an absence of 60 years, [[rye stem rust|stem rust]] (''Puccinia graminis'' f. sp. ''tritici'') has returned to [[Europe]] in the 2020s.<ref name="Annika-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Annika |first1=Djurle |last2=Young |first2=Beth |last3=Berlin |first3=Anna |last4=Vågsholm |first4=Ivar |last5=Blomstrom |first5=Anne |last6=Nygren |first6=Jim |last7=Kvarnheden |first7=Anders |year=2022 |title=Addressing biohazards to food security in primary production |journal=[[Food Security]] |language=English |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1475–1497 |doi=10.1007/s12571-022-01296-7 |doi-access=free |s2cid=250250761}}</ref> Areas affected include [[Germany]], [[Russia]] ([[Western Siberia]]), [[Spain]], and [[Sweden]].<ref name="Annika-2022" />