Editing Ruhr (section)

===Weimar Republic===
In the March 1920 [[Kapp Putsch]], nationalist and monarchist elements with the armed support of [[Freikorps]] units attempted to overthrow the government of the [[Weimar Republic]]. It was able to defeat the putsch by advocating a general strike that all but shut down Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Llewellyn |first1=Jennifer |last2=Thompson |first2=Steve |date=17 September 2019 |title=The Kapp Putsch |url=https://alphahistory.com/weimarrepublic/kapp-putsch/ |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Alpha History}}</ref> The work action effectively ended the putsch, but in the Ruhr it was the instigation for an armed revolt whose aim was to replace the Weimar Republic with a soviet-style [[Soviet republic|council republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scriba |first=Arnulf |date=1 September 2014 |title=Die Märzkämpfe 1919 |trans-title=The March Battles 1919 |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/revolution-191819/maerzkaempfe-1919.html |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de}}</ref> In the [[Ruhr uprising|Ruhr Uprising]], the [[Ruhr Red Army]] was able to take control of the Ruhr industrial area. The [[Reichswehr]], with assistance from Freikorps units, put down the rebellion in early April 1920 and re-established the Weimar Republic's control of the district. An estimated 1,000 insurgents and 200 Reichswehr soldiers were killed in the battles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wulfert |first=Anja |date=22 January 2002 |title=Der Märzaufstand 1920 |trans-title=The March Uprising 1920 |url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=de |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414115718/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/maerzaufstand-1920.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied [[Duisburg]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2009 |title=Ruhr Occupation |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruhr-occupation |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414115718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruhr-occupation |url-status=live }}</ref> which under the [[Treaty of Versailles]] formed part of the demilitarized [[Rhineland]]. In January 1923 the whole [[Occupation of the Ruhr|Ruhr district was occupied]] after Germany failed to fulfill part of its [[World War I reparations|World War I reparation payments]] as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with a policy of passive resistance, letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to [[Inflation in the Weimar Republic|German hyperinflation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Llewellyn |first1=Jennifer |last2=Thompson |first2=Steve |date=25 September 2019 |title=The Ruhr Occupation |url=https://alphahistory.com/weimarrepublic/ruhr-occupation/#The_governments_response |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Alpha History}}</ref> After passive resistance was called off in late 1923, Germany implemented a currency reform and negotiated the [[Dawes Plan]], which led to the withdrawal of the French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr in 1925. However, the occupation of the Ruhr caused several direct and indirect consequences to the German economy and government, including accelerating the growth of right wing parties due to the Weimar government's inability to successfully resolve the problem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Royal J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWZ-BgAAQBAJ&q=right-wing |title=Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=9789401510813 |location=Heidelberg |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414115721/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWZ-BgAAQBAJ&q=right-wing |url-status=live }}</ref>