Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

===U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York===
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed to be [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]], which was technically a demotion but was sought by Giuliani because of his desire to personally litigate cases and because the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|SDNY]] is considered the highest-profile United States Attorney's Office in the country and as such is often used by those who have held the position as a springboard for running for public office. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of [[Wall Street]] figures [[Ivan Boesky]] and [[Michael Milken]]. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, [[organized crime]], and corruption in government.<ref name="New York City" /> He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the [[perp walk]], parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.com/corpcounsel/almID/1142862090121/ |title=How to Avoid Letting a 'Perp Walk' Turn Into a Parade |first=William R. |last=Mitchelson Jr. |work=National Law Journal |date=March 21, 2006 |access-date=November 19, 2015 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112210/https://www.law.com/corpcounsel/almID/1142862090121/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Breaking Down the 'Perp Walk' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-LB-896 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 22, 2006 |first=Peter |last=Lattman |access-date=June 1, 2007 |archive-date=August 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806014619/http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/03/22/breaking-down-the-perp-walk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Giuliani's critics said that he arranged for people to be arrested but then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his arrests of alleged [[White-collar crime|white-collar criminals]] at their workplaces with charges later dropped or lessened sparked controversy and damaged the reputations of the alleged "perps".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=No more 'perp walks' |url=http://www.stroock.com/SiteFiles/Pub123.pdf |first=Joel |last=Cohen |magazine=National Law Journal|date=August 5, 2002|access-date=June 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614015739/http://www.stroock.com/SiteFiles/Pub123.pdf|archive-date=June 14, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> He said veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of [[Kidder, Peabody & Co.]], was guilty of [[insider trading]]; in February 1987 he had [[perp walk|officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor]], with Wigton in tears.<ref name="Boyer-2007">{{cite magazine |date=August 13, 2007 |last=Boyer |first=Peter J. |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/20/mayberry-man |url-status=live |title=Mayberry Man: Is what New York never liked about Rudy Giuliani exactly what the heartland loves? |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221033620/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/20/mayberry-man |access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=February 21, 2023 }}</ref> Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.<ref name="Boyer-2007"/><ref name="Collins-2007">{{cite news |first1=Heidi |last1=Collins |first2=Allan |last2=Chernoff |first3=Crystal McCrary |last3=Anthony |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2007-05-23/segment/02 |title=Body Found in Military Fatigues in Euphrates River; Helmet Boxing; Early Learning in Iraq |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 23, 2007 |department=Transcripts |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928074014/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2007-05-23/segment/02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg", but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place.<ref name="Collins-2007" /> Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nocera |first=Joseph |author-link=Joe Nocera |date=August 6, 1995 |title=Junk Bondage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/books/junk-bondage.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 8, 2007 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111074731/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/books/junk-bondage.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mafia Commission trial====
{{Further|Mafia Commission Trial}}
[[File:Rudolph Giuliani, D.A., NYC (06).jpg|thumb|Giuliani as U.S. Attorney in 1984, as photographed by [[Bernard Gotfryd]]]]
In the [[Mafia Commission Trial]], which ran from February 25, 1985, through November 19, 1986, Giuliani indicted eleven [[organized crime]] figures, including the heads of New York City's so-called "[[Five Families]]", under the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act]] on charges including [[extortion]], labor racketeering, and [[Contract killing|murder for hire]]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine called this "case of cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the [[Chicago Outfit|Chicago Mafia]] was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach is to wipe out the five families."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101860210-143096,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204023051/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101860210-143096,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 4, 2007 |title=The Passionate Prosecutor |access-date=November 15, 2006 |last=Stengel |first=Richard |date=June 24, 2001 |magazine=Time}}</ref> [[Gambino crime family]] boss [[Paul Castellano]] evaded conviction when he and his [[underboss]] [[Thomas Bilotti]] were murdered on the streets of [[midtown Manhattan]] on December&nbsp;16, 1985. However, three heads of the Five Families were sentenced to 100 years in prison on January 13, 1987.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lubasch |first=Arnold H. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/us-jury-convicts-eight-as-members-of-mob-commission.html |title=U.S. Jury Convicts Eight as Members of Mob Commission |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 20, 1986 |access-date=August 2, 2015 |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926142512/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/us-jury-convicts-eight-as-members-of-mob-commission.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lubasch |first=Arnold H. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/14/nyregion/judge-sentences-8-mafia-leaders-to-prison-terms.html |title=Judge Sentences 8 Mafia Leaders to Prison Terms |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 14, 1987 |access-date=August 2, 2015 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524210855/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/14/nyregion/judge-sentences-8-mafia-leaders-to-prison-terms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Genovese crime family|Genovese]] and [[Colombo crime family|Colombo]] leaders, [[Anthony Salerno|Tony Salerno]] and [[Carmine Persico]], received additional sentences in separate trials, with 70-year and 39-year sentences to run consecutively. He was assisted by three Assistant United States Attorneys: [[Michael Chertoff]], the eventual second United States Secretary of Homeland Security and co-author of the [[Patriot Act]]; John Savarese, now a partner at Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz; and Gil Childers, a later deputy chief of the criminal division for the Southern District of New York and now managing director in the legal department at Goldman Sachs.

According to an FBI memo revealed in 2007, leaders of the Five Families voted in late 1986 on whether to issue a contract for Giuliani's death.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Sullivan |title=Crime Bosses Considered Hit on Giuliani |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/crime-bosses-considered-hit-on-giuliani/ |website=The New York Times The Caucus blog |date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630121455/https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/crime-bosses-considered-hit-on-giuliani/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Heads of the [[Lucchese crime family|Lucchese]], [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno]], and Genovese families rejected the idea, though Colombo and Gambino leaders, Carmine Persico and [[John Gotti]], encouraged assassination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/inside-the-american-mob/galleries/mob-murder-faq/at/q-do-mafioso-ever-put-out-contracts-on-law-enforcement-officials-1748568 |title=Mob Murder FAQ: Do Mafioso ever put out contracts on law enforcement officials? |publisher=National Geographic Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529073059/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/inside-the-american-mob/galleries/mob-murder-faq/at/q-do-mafioso-ever-put-out-contracts-on-law-enforcement-officials-1748568 |access-date=August 25, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2016 }}</ref> In 2014, it was revealed by former [[Sicilian Mafia]] member and informant [[Rosario Naimo]] that [[Salvatore Riina]], a notorious Sicilian Mafia leader, had ordered a murder contract on Giuliani during the mid-1980s. Riina allegedly was suspicious of Giuliani's efforts prosecuting the American Mafia and was worried that he might have spoken with Italian anti-Mafia prosecutors and politicians, including [[Giovanni Falcone]] and [[Paolo Borsellino]], who were both murdered in 1992 in separate car bombings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Giovanni Falcone, who has died aged 53, spent most of his life doggedly fighting the mafiosi responsible for murdering him.|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/5367721/Giovanni-Falcone.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529013600/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/5367721/Giovanni-Falcone.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=May 25, 1992 |access-date=May 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Paolo Borsellino |first1=Wolfgang |last1=Achtner |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-paolo-borsellino-1534572.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=July 20, 1992 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612204827/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-paolo-borsellino-1534572.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Giuliani, the Sicilian Mafia offered $800,000 for his death during his first year as mayor of New York in 1994.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sicilian mafia 'plotted to kill' former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani |first=Nick |last=Squires |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10667504/Sicilian-mafia-plotted-to-kill-former-New-York-mayor-Rudy-Giuliani.html |date=February 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10667504/Sicilian-mafia-plotted-to-kill-former-New-York-mayor-Rudy-Giuliani.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |access-date=May 3, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rudy Giuliani says mafia put $800,000 bounty on his head – but ex-New York mayor admits Islamist terrorists scare him more than the mob |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rudy-giuliani-says-mafia-put-800-000-bounty-on-his-head-but-exnew-york-mayor-admits-islamist-terrorists-scare-him-more-than-the-mob-8969849.html |date=November 28, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |first=John |last=Hall |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127203549/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rudy-giuliani-says-mafia-put-800-000-bounty-on-his-head-but-exnew-york-mayor-admits-islamist-terrorists-scare-him-more-than-the-mob-8969849.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Boesky and Milken trials====
[[Ivan Boesky]], a Wall Street [[arbitrage]]ur who had amassed a fortune of about $200{{spaces}}million by betting on corporate takeovers, was originally investigated by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders, leading the way for the US Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New York to investigate as well. These stock and options acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several others, including junk bond trader [[Michael Milken]]. Per agreement with Giuliani, Boesky received a {{frac|3|1|2}}-year prison sentence along with a $100{{spaces}}million fine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2000/boesky.html |title=Ivan Boesky |last=Trumbore |first=Brian |publisher=BUYandHOLD |access-date=November 15, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111092843/http://buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2000/boesky.html |archive-date=November 11, 2006}}</ref> In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly publicized case, Milken was indicted by a grand jury on these charges.<ref>{{cite news |last=Labaton |first=Stephen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/30/business/junk-bond-leader-is-indicted-by-us-in-criminal-action.html |title='Junk Bond' Leader Is Indicted by U.s. in Criminal Action |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 1989 |access-date=August 3, 2015 |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921194702/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/30/business/junk-bond-leader-is-indicted-by-us-in-criminal-action.html |url-status=live }}</ref>