Editing Romani people (section)

== Population and subgroups ==

=== Romani populations ===

There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm "European effort spotlights plight of the Roma"], ''USA Today'', 1 February 2005</ref> Many Roma refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for a variety of reasons, such as fear of discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chiriac |first=Marian |date=29 September 2004 |title=It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma |url=http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915070340/http://www.other-news.info/2004/09/it-now-suits-the-eu-to-help-the-roma/#more-172 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Other-news.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57C04G/ |title=FACTBOX: Eastern Europe's Roma people |date=13 August 2009 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who do not identify as Romani at all. Then, too, some countries do not collect data by ethnicity.

[[File:Francisco Iturrino Two Gypsies.jpg|thumb|upright|''Two Gypsies'' by [[Francisco Iturrino]]]]

Despite these challenges to getting an accurate picture of the Romani dispersal, there were an estimated 10 million in Europe (as of 2019),<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma integration in the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu_en |publisher=European Commission |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> although some Romani organizations have given earlier estimates as high as 14 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |title=Compilation of population estimates |publisher=Council of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622154153/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp |archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006045453/http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp|date=6 October 2009|title="Roma Travellers Statistics"}}, Council of Europe, compilation of population estimates. Archived from [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/Documentation/strategies/statistiques_en.asp the original], 6 October 2009.</ref> Significant Romani populations are found in the [[Balkans]], in some central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the [[European Union]], there are an estimated 6 million Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html |work=[[El País]] |date=6 September 2019}}</ref>

Outside Europe there may be several million more Roma, in particular in the Americas, following migrations from Europe beginning in the late 19th century.<ref name="PanPfeil2003">{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRU_AQAAIAAJ |title=National Minorities in Europe: Handbook |last2=Pfeil |first2=Beate Sibylle |publisher=Braumüller |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-7003-1443-1 |page=27f}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Liégois |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Roms en Europe |year=2007 |publisher=Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe}}</ref>

Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498.<ref name="Peter Boyd-Bowman 1964">Peter Boyd-Bowman (ed.), ''Indice&nbsp;geobiográfico de cuarenta mil pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI'', vol. 1: 1493–1519 (Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1964), 171.</ref> Spain sent Romani slaves to their Louisiana colony between 1762 and 1800.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7
By Junius P. Rodriguez</ref> An [[Afro-Romani]] community exists in [[St. Martin Parish, Louisiana|St. Martin Parish]] due to intermarriage between freed [[African American]] and Romani slaves.<ref name="We are the Romani People">{{cite book |title=We are the Romani People |page=27}}</ref> The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.{{efn|"Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."}} There are between 800,000 and 1{{nbsp}}million Roma in [[Romani people in Brazil|Brazil]], most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from Eastern Europe. Brazilian Roma are mostly descended from German/Italian [[Sinti]] (in the South/Southeast regions), and Roma and Calon people. Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from Sinti and Roma deportees from the [[Portuguese Empire]] during the [[Portuguese Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Corrêa Teixeira |first=Rodrigo |title=A história dos ciganos no Brasil |url=http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |website=Dhnet.org.br |access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref> 

===Romani subgroups===

[[File:Kolme romaninaista.jpg|thumb|[[Kaale (Finnish Romani)|Kàlo]] Romani women in [[Helsinki]], Finland, 1930s]]

Romani people may belong to distinct subgroups based in part on territorial, cultural and [[dialect]]al differences, and self-designation.{{sfn|Hancock|2001|p=2}}{{sfn|Matras|2002|p=5}}<ref name="Names of the Romani People">{{cite web |last=Dosoftei |first=Alin |date=24 December 2007 |title=Names of the Romani People |url=http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070621/http://desicritics.org/2007/12/24/012125.php |archive-date=7 May 2008 |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=Desicritics}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bessonov |first1=N |title=Ethnic groups of Gypsies |url=http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429083140/http://zigane.pp.ru/history14.htm |place=[[Russia|RU]] |publisher=Zigane |archive-date=29 April 2007 |last2=Demeter |first2=N}}</ref>

Romani subgroups may have more than one [[ethnonym]]. They may use more than one [[endonym]] and be commonly known by an [[exonym]] or erroneously by the endonym of another subgroup. The only name approaching an all-encompassing self-description is ''Rom''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}} Even when subgroups do not use the name, they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy between themselves and ''[[Gadjo]]'' (non-Roma).{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}} For instance, while the main group of Roma in [[German-speaking countries]] refer to themselves as [[Sinti]], their name for their original language is ''Romanes''.

Subgroups have been described as, in part, a result of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of ''Rom'' almost certainly experienced in their south Asian ''[[urheimat]]''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Horvátová |first=Jana |title=Kapitoly z dějin Romů |publisher=Lidové noviny |place=Praha |url=http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312184629/http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/d01kapitoly.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2005 |year=2002 |language=cs |page=12 |quote=Mnohočetnost romských skupin je patrně pozůstatkem diferenciace Romů do původních indických kast a podkast. [The multitude of Roma groups is apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and subcastes.]}}</ref>

[[File:Debret casa ciganos.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Baptiste Debret]]: ''Interior of a gipsy's house in Brazil'' (c. 1820)]]

[[File:Gypsies camping - probably Swansea (8678055650).jpg|thumb|''Gypsies camping''. [[Kale (Welsh Romani)|Kalé]] Roma near [[Swansea]] in Wales, 1953]]

Many subgroups use names derived from the Romani word ''kalo'' or ''calo'', meaning "black" or "absorbing all light". This closely resembles words for "black" or "dark" in [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (e.g., [[Sanskrit]] काल [[Kāla (time)#Etymology|''kāla'']]: "black", "of a dark colour").{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}} Likewise, the name of the [[Domba|Dom]] or Domba people of north India—with whom the Roma have genetic,<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 N. Rai et al., 2012, "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations"] (23 September 2016)</ref> cultural and linguistic links—has come to imply "dark-skinned" in some Indian languages.<ref>Isabel Fonseca, ''Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and their Journey'', Random House, p. 100.</ref> Hence, names such as ''kale'' and ''calé'' may have originated as an [[exonym]] or a [[euphemism]] for ''Roma''.

[[File:Romi z medvedom v Šmarci leta 1934.jpg|thumb|[[Ursari]] Roma in [[Šmarca]], Slovenia, 1934]]

Other endonyms for Roma include, for example:
* ''[[Arlije]]'' (also ''Erlides'', ''Yerli'', meaning "local", from the Turkish word ''Yerli'') in the [[Balkans]] and Turkey to describe sedentary Muslim Roma.
* ''Bashaldé'' – [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian-Slovak]] Roma diaspora in the US from the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Hancock |title=Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOycWJwdyLgC&pg=PA130 |year=2010 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-907396-30-4 |pages=130–}}</ref>
* ''[[Bergitka Roma]]'' (also ''Carpathian Roma''), Poland, mainly [[Gorals|Goral]] lands. {{See also|Romani people in Poland}}
* ''Çerge'' also ''Čergarja'' ([[nomad]]), Nomadic Lifestyle Muslim Roma in the [[Balkans]] and Turkey.
* ''Calé'', the [[endonym]] used by both the [[Gitanos|Spanish Roma]] ({{lang|es|gitanos}}) and [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese Roma]] (''ciganos'').<ref name="jurova_endonyma" /> [[Caló language|Caló]] is the language spoken by the Calé.
* ''Dasikane'' or ''Daskane'', meaning "slaves" or "servants"; a [[religionym and confessionym]] for Orthodox Christian Roma in the Balkans.{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Garachi]]'' Shia Islam followers Roma people in [[Azerbaijan]]
* ''[[Gurbeti]]'' Muslim Roma in [[Northern Cyprus]], Turkey and Balkans.
* ''Horahane'' or ''Xoraxai'', also known as "Turkish Roma" or "Muslim Roma", a [[religionym and confessionym]] in the Balkans for [[Muslim Roma]].{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Kaale (Finnish Roma)|Kaale]]'' or ''Kàlo'' in Finland and Sweden.<ref name="jurova_endonyma" />{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Kale (Welsh Roma)|Kale]]'', ''Kalé, Kalá'', or ''Valshanange'' – a [[Welsh English]] endonym used by some Roma in [[Wales]].{{efn|The [[Welsh orthography|Welsh language alphabet]] lacks the letter ''k''.}} ([[Romanichal]] also live in Wales).<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana – CIS" />
* ''Lalleri'', from Austria, Germany, and the western [[Czech Republic]] (including the former [[Sudetenland]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=RomArchive |url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=romarchive.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wisely |first=Andrew |title=War against "Internal Enemies": Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945 |year=2019 |journal=Central European History |volume=52 |issue=4 |access-date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA/S0008938919000852a.pdf/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165350/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/abs/war-against-internal-enemies-dr-franz-lucass-sterilization-of-sinti-and-roma-in-ravensbruck-mens-camp-in-january-1945/D56988948967F9F49F9CD2750EE56DEA |archive-date=20 September 2022 |page=654 |doi=10.1017/S0008938919000852 |s2cid=214237801}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |date=April 1999 |title=Himmler and the 'Racially Pure Gypsies' |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200949903400202 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.1177/002200949903400202 |pmid=21977563 |s2cid=37085059 |issn=0022-0094 |quote=One spokesman was to serve the Lalleri Gypsies, a closely-knit tribe originally from the German-speaking part of Bohemia and Moravia that in 1939 had become a German protectorate.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN ROMA (GYPSIES), 1939–1945 |url=https://romacenter.org/en/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714181901/https://romacenter.org/en/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Romacenter.org |language=en |quote=In the autumn of 1941, German police authorities deported 5,007 Sinti and Lalleri Gypsies from Austria to the ghetto for Jews in Lodz, where they resided in a segregated section}}</ref>
* ''[[Lovari]]'', chiefly in Central Europe, speaking a [[Romani language|dialect of Romani]] influenced by [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm |title=Romani language and alphabet |publisher=Omniglot |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606010750/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romany.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> known in [[Serbia]] as ''Machvaya'', ''Machavaya'', ''Machwaya'' or ''Macwaia''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Lyuli]]'', in Central Asian countries.
* ''[[Polska Roma]]'', largest Romani subgroup in Poland. {{See also|Romani people in Poland}}
* ''[[Romani people in Italy|Rom]]'' in Italy.
* [[Romani people in Romania|''Roma'']] in Romania, commonly known by ethnic Romanians as ''țigani'', including many subgroups defined by occupation:
** ''Argintari'' "[[silversmiths]]."<ref name="rom3">{{cite web |author=Research Directorate |title=Romania: Traditional Roma name for the various Roma clans and description of their traditional occupations; whether these occupations still exist today; distinguishing characteristics of the clans |location=Canada |publisher=[[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]] |year=2001 |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be9c20.html |access-date=July 27, 2021}}</ref>
** ''Aurari'' "[[goldsmith]]s."<ref name="rom3" />
** ''[[Boyash]]'', also known as ''Băieși'', ''Lingurari'', ''Ludar'', ''Ludari'', or ''Rudari'', who coalesced in the [[Apuseni Mountains]] of [[Transylvania]]. ''Băieși'' is a Romanian word for "miners." ''Lingurari'' means "spoon makers",<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia |last=Crowe |first=David |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-349-60671-9 |location=New York |page=123}}</ref> and ''Ludar'' (sing.), ''Ludari'' (pl.), and ''Rudari'' may mean "woodworkers" or "miners".<ref>{{Citation |title=Dicționarul etimologic român |language=ro}}, quoted in {{Citation |url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudar |title=DEX-online}} (see [[Lemma (morphology)|lemma]] ''rudár (sing.), rudári (pl.)'' followed by both definitions: "gold-miner" and "wood crafter").</ref> (There is a semantic overlap due to the [[homophony]] or merging of [[Headword|lemmas]] with different meanings from at least two languages: the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] ''rudar'' "miner", and ''ruda'' "stick", "staff", "rod", "bar", "pole" (in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], ''rúd'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Sztaki |place=HU |url=http://dict.sztaki.hu/dict_search.php?L=ENG%3AHUN%3AEngHunDict&O=ENG&flash=&E=1&sid=86b98964fc5d964f0ee812b299c28fd5&vk=&in_form=1&W=rúd&M=1&P=0&C=1&T=1}}</ref> and in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], ''rudă''.)<ref>{{Citation |url=http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rudă |title=Dex online |place=RO}}</ref>
** ''Churari''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalrecordings.net/research/dialect/16036 |title=Vlax Romani: Churari (Speech variety #16036) |publisher=Global recordings |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> (from Romanian ''ciurari'' "sieve-makers")
** ''Colari'' "carpet dealers"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/factsheets-on-romani-culture-1-7-romani-group-names/1680aac36b |title=Romani group names}}</ref>
** ''Florari'' "[[flower seller|flower-sellers.]]"<ref name="rom3" />
** ''[[Kalderash]]'', from Romanian ''căldărar'', literally "bucket-maker", meaning "kettle-maker", "tinsmith", "tinker"; also in Poland, [[Moldova]] and Ukraine.<ref name= rom3/>
** ''[[Lăutari]]'' "musicians" (lăută = [[lute]]).<ref name= rom3/>
** ''Ungaritza'' ([[blacksmith]]s, [[bladesmith]]s).
** ''[[Ursari]]'' "[[Animal training#Wild animals|"dancing bears" trainers]]" (from Romanian ''urs'' "bear").{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
** ''Zlătari'' "goldsmiths."{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Czech Roma|Roma]]'' or ''Romové'', Czech Republic.
* ''[[Slovak Roma|Roma]]'' or ''Rómovia'', Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gitanos.org/la_comunidad_gitana/roma_community_europe.html.en |title=Roma people in Europe}}</ref>
* ''[[Romanichal]]'', in the United Kingdom,<ref name="jurova_endonyma" />{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}} emigrated also to the [[Roma in the United States|United States]], Canada and Australia.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT492 |title=Exploring Contemporary Migration |first1=Paul |last1=Boyle |first2=Keith H. |last2=Halfacree |first3=Vaughan |last3=Robinson |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89086-7}}</ref>
[[File:Great Dorset Steam Fair 2007 - 1331363507.jpg|thumb|A [[Romanichal]] [[Vardo (Romani wagon)|vardo]] pictured at the Great Dorset Steam Fair in 2007, England]]
* ''[[Romanisael (Swedish and Norwegian Roma)|Romanisæl]]'', in Norway and Sweden.
*''[[Romanlar]]'', Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma in Turkey, also called Çingene or Şopar, with all subgroups, who are named after their professions, like:
** ''Ayıcı ([[bear-leader]])''
** ''Cambaz'' ([[acrobatics]] and [[horse trading]])
** ''Çiçekçi'' ([[Flower seller|flower-seller]])
** ''Demirci'' ([[blacksmith]]) 
** ''Kalaycı'' ([[tinsmith]])
** ''Kuyumcu'' ([[goldsmith]])
** ''Müzisyen ([[musician]])''
** ''Sepetçi ([[Basketmaker|basket-maker]])''
** ''Subaşı'' ([[soldier]] or [[butler]])
** ''Sünnetçi'' ([[Circumcision|circumciser]])
** ''Şarkıcı'' ([[singer]]) etc., but the majority of Turkish Roma work as [[day labor]]ers too.{{sfn |Hübshmanová|2003}}
* [[Romani people in France|''Roms'']] or ''Manouche'' (from ''manush'', "people" in Romani) in France.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jurová |first=Anna |title=From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures |year=2003 |journal=Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia |access-date=7 September 2013 |url=http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |page=17 |editor1-last=Vaščka |editor1-first=Michal |editor2-first=Martina |editor2-last=Jurásková |editor3-first=Tom |editor3-last=Nicholson |place=Slovak Republic |quote=The word "manush" is also included in all dialects of Romany. It means man, while "Manusha" equals people. This word has the same form and meaning in Sanskrit as well, and is almost identical in other Indian languages.}}</ref>
* ''[[Romungro]]'' or Carpathian Roma from eastern Hungary and neighbouring parts of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians.]]<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf |title=Gypsy Studies – Cigány Tanulmányok |publisher=Forraykatalin |place=HU |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513231913/http://www.forrayrkatalin.hu/doski/PTE_gypsystudies_23_beliv.pdf}}</ref>
* ''Sepečides'', meaning "basket-maker"; Muslim Roma in [[West Thrace]], Greece.
* ''[[Sinti]]'' or ''Zinti'', predominantly in Germany,{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}<ref name="jurova_endonyma">{{cite journal |last=Jurová |first=Anna |title=From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures |year=2003 |journal=Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia |access-date=7 September 2013 |url=http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |page=17 |editor1-last=Vaščka |editor1-first=Michal |editor2-first=Martina |editor2-last=Jurásková |editor3-first=Tom |editor3-last=Nicholson |place=Slovakia |quote=the Sinti lived in German territory, the Manusha in France, the Romanitsel in England, the Kale in Spain and Portugal, and the Kaale in Finland. |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kalaydjieva et al 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |date=2 April 2001 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[northern Italy]]; while ''Sinti'' are a Romani subgroup, they do not refer to themselves by the name ''Roma''.{{sfn|Hübshmanová|2003}}
* ''[[Zargari people]]'', Shia Muslim Roma in Iran, who once came from Rumelia/Southern Bulgaria from the Maritsa Valley in Ottoman times and settled in Persia.

=== Diaspora ===
{{Main|Romani diaspora}}
[[File:Romani people around the world.svg|thumb|Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates.<br />
{{Legend|#004d77|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#007fc6|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#48d0ff|+ 10,000}}]]
[[File:Visiting Romani - The Australasian 1898.png|thumb|"Visiting Gipsies", article from Australian newspaper, ''[[The Australasian]]'', 1898]]
The Romani people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma, who reached [[Anatolia]] and the [[Balkans]] about the early 12th century from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal |last1=Mendizabal |first1=Isabel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Marigorta |first3=Urko M. |last4=Wollstein |first4=Andreas |last5=Gusmão |first5=Leonor |last6=Ferak |first6=Vladimir |last7=Ioana |first7=Mihai |last8=Jordanova |first8=Albena |last9=Kaneva |first9=Radka |last10=Kouvatsi |first10=Anastasia |last11=Kučinskas |first11=Vaidutis |last12=Makukh |first12=Halyna |last13=Metspalu |first13=Andres |last14=Netea |first14=Mihai G. |last15=de Pablo |first15=Rosario |last16=Pamjav |first16=Horolma |last17=Radojkovic |first17=Dragica |last18=Rolleston |first18=Sarah J.H. |last19=Sertic |first19=Jadranka |last20=Macek |first20=Milan |last21=Comas |first21=David |last22=Kayser |first22=Manfred |title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data |journal=Current Biology |date=December 2012 |volume=22 |issue=24 |pages=2342–2349 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039 |pmid=23219723 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012CBio...22.2342M |hdl=10230/25348 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news |author=Sindya N. Bhanoo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0 |title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 December 2012}}</ref>

The Roma migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló. Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498.<ref name="Peter Boyd-Bowman 1964"/> Spain sent Romani slaves to their Louisiana colony between 1762 and 1800.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> An [[Afro-Romani]] community exists in [[St. Martin Parish]] due to intermarriage of freed [[African American]] and Romani slaves.<ref name="We are the Romani People"/> The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.{{efn|"Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."}}

In Brazil, the Roma are mainly called ''ciganos'' by non-Romani Brazilians. Most of them belong to the ethnic subgroup ''Calés'' (Kale) of the Iberian peninsula. [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], Brazil's president from 1956 to 1961, was 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline, and [[Washington Luís]], the last president of the [[First Brazilian Republic]] (1926–1930), had [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Caló language|Kale]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://romea.cz/en/world/brazil-fatal-altercation-between-police-and-romani-family-launches-campaign-of-mass-murder-against-local-roma/ |title=Brazil: Fatal altercation between police and Romani family launches campaign of mass murder against local Roma |date=26 July 2021 |website=Romea.cz – Everything about Roma in one place}}</ref>

Persecution against the Roma has led to many of the cultural practices being extinguished, hidden or modified to survive in a country that has excluded them ethnically and culturally. The very common carnivals throughout Brazil are one of the few spaces in which the Roma can still express their cultural traditions, including the so-called "carnival wedding" in which a boy is disguised as a bride and the famous "Romaní dance", picturesquely simulated with the women of the town parading in their traditional attire.<ref>{{cite book |access-date=2022-12-10 |date=2014-10-15 |first=Fernanda Pattaro |language=es |last=Amaral |publisher=Clube de Autores |title=A Orillas Del Mar |isbn=978-1-5024-2120-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_xJEAAAQBAJ&q=pueblo+gitano+brasil}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>