Editing Roman conquest of Britain (section)

==AD&nbsp;44–60==
[[File:Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Roman campaigns from AD&nbsp;43 to 60]]
[[File:Forts of the conquest period of Roman Britain.jpg|thumb|Forts of the conquest period of Roman Britain<ref>Anne Johnson, Roman Forts of the 1st and 2nd Centuries Ad in Britain and the German Provinces {{ISBN|0-312-68981-0}}</ref>]]

[[Vespasian]] took a force westwards, subduing tribes and capturing ''[[oppidum|oppida]]'' settlements as he went. The force proceeded at least as far as [[Exeter]], which became a base for the Roman legion, Legio II Augusta, from 55 until 75.<ref>Suetonius, ''Vespasian'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vespasian*.html#4 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713102257/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vespasian%2A.html#4 |date=13 July 2021 }}</ref> [[Legio IX Hispana]] was sent north towards [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] ({{langx|la|Lindum Colonia}}) and by 47 it is likely that an area south of a line from the [[Humber]] to the [[Severn Estuary]] was under Roman control. That this line is followed by the Roman road of the [[Fosse Way]] has led many historians to debate the route's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation. It is unlikely that the border between Roman and Iron Age Britain was fixed with modern precision during this period.

Late in 47 the new governor of Britain, [[Publius Ostorius Scapula]], began a campaign against the tribes of modern-day [[Wales]], and the [[Cheshire Plain|Cheshire Gap]]. The [[Silures]] of southeast Wales caused considerable problems to Ostorius and fiercely defended their border country. Caratacus himself led this guerilla campaign but was defeated when he finally chose to offer a [[Caratacus' last battle|decisive battle]]; he fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the [[Pennines]]. Their queen [[Cartimandua]] was unable or unwilling to protect him however, given her own accommodation with the Romans, and handed him over to the invaders. Ostorius died and was replaced by [[Aulus Didius Gallus]] who brought what are now the Welsh borders under control but did not move further north or west, probably because Claudius was keen to avoid what he considered a difficult and drawn-out war for little material gain in the mountainous terrain of upland Britain. When [[Nero]] became emperor in 54, he seems to have decided to continue the invasion and appointed [[Quintus Veranius]] as governor, a man experienced in dealing with the troublesome hill tribes of [[Anatolia]]. Veranius and his successor [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]] mounted a successful campaign across North Wales, famously killing many [[druid]]s when he [[Roman conquest of Anglesey|invaded the island of Anglesey]] in 60. Final occupation of Wales was postponed however when the rebellion of [[Boudica]] forced the Romans to return to the south east in 60 or 61.