Editing Roger Casement (section)

===The Congo and the Casement Report===
{{Main|Casement Report}}
Casement worked in the Congo for [[Henry Morton Stanley]] and the [[African International Association]] from 1884; this association became known as a front for King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] in his takeover of what became the so-called [[Congo Free State]].<ref name="foden">{{cite news|author=Giles Foden|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jun/08/dream-celt-mario-vargas-llosa-review|title=The Dream of the Celt by Mario Vargas Llosa – review|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093749/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jun/08/dream-celt-mario-vargas-llosa-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Casement worked on a survey to improve communication and recruited and supervised workmen in building a railroad to bypass the lower {{convert|220|mi|km}} of the [[Congo River]], which is made unnavigable by cataracts, in order to improve transportation and trade to the Upper Congo. During his commercial work, he learned African languages.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

[[File:Herbert ward and roger casement.jpg|thumb|Roger Casement (right) and his friend [[Herbert Ward (sculptor)|Herbert Ward]], whom he met in the [[Congo Free State]]]]In 1890 Casement met [[Joseph Conrad]], who had come to the Congo to pilot a merchant ship, ''Le Roi des Belges'' ("[[King of the Belgians]]"). Both were inspired by the idea that "European colonisation would bring moral and social progress to the continent and free its inhabitants 'from slavery, paganism and other barbarities.' Each would soon learn the gravity of his error."<ref>Liesl Schillinger, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/books/review/the-dream-of-the-celt-by-mario-vargas-llosa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "Traitor, Martyr, Liberator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034838/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/books/review/the-dream-of-the-celt-by-mario-vargas-llosa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |date=17 August 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 22 June 2012, accessed 23 October 2014</ref> Conrad published his short novel ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' in 1899, exploring the colonial ills. Casement later exposed the conditions he found in the Congo during an official investigation for the British government. In these formative years, he also met [[Herbert Ward (sculptor)|Herbert Ward]], and they became longtime friends. Ward left Africa in 1889, and devoted his time to becoming an artist, and his experience there strongly influenced his work.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Casement joined the [[Colonial Service]], under the authority of the [[Colonial Office]], first serving overseas as a clerk in [[British West Africa]].<ref name="fintan"/> In August 1901 he transferred to the [[Foreign Office]] service as British consul in the eastern part of the [[French Congo]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27354|date=13 September 1901 |page=6049}}</ref> In 1903 the [[Unionist government, 1895–1905#Balfour ministry|Balfour Government]] commissioned Casement, then its consul at [[Boma, Congo|Boma]] in the [[Congo Free State]], to investigate the human rights situation in that colony of the Belgian king, [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]]. Setting up a private army known as the ''[[Force Publique]]'', Leopold had squeezed revenue out of the people of the territory through [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State|a reign of terror]] in the harvesting and export of rubber and other resources. In trade, Belgium shipped guns and other materials to the Congo, used chiefly to suppress the local people.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:Stamps of the Faroe Islands-2014-21.jpg|thumb|2014 [[Faroe Islands]] stamp depicting Casement and [[Daniel Jacob Danielsen]], his Faroese boat captain and assistant<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maye|first=Brian|title=Daniel J Danielsen – a pioneering humanitarian who helped Roger Casement expose the horror of Belgian rule in the Congo|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/daniel-j-danielsen-a-pioneering-humanitarian-who-helped-roger-casement-expose-the-horror-of-belgian-rule-in-the-congo-1.2036137|access-date=2021-01-25|newspaper=The Irish Times|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023081548/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/daniel-j-danielsen-a-pioneering-humanitarian-who-helped-roger-casement-expose-the-horror-of-belgian-rule-in-the-congo-1.2036137|url-status=live}}</ref>]]Casement travelled for weeks in the upper [[Congo Basin]] to interview people throughout the region, including workers, overseers and mercenaries. He delivered a long, detailed eyewitness report to [[the Crown]] that exposed abuses: "the enslavement, mutilation, and torture of natives on the rubber plantations".<ref name="fintan"/> It became known as the ''[[Casement Report]]'' of 1904. King Leopold had held the Congo Free State since 1885, when the [[Berlin Conference]] of European powers and the United States effectively gave him free rein in the area.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Leopold had exploited the territory's natural resources (mostly rubber) as a private entrepreneur, not as king of the Belgians. Using violence and murder against men and their families, Leopold's private Force Publique had decimated many native villages in the course of forcing the men to gather rubber and abusing them to increase productivity. Casement's report provoked controversy, and some companies with a business interest in the Congo rejected its findings, as did Casement's former boss, Alfred Lewis Jones.<ref name="siochain"/>

When the report was made public, opponents of Congolese conditions formed interest groups, such as the [[Congo Reform Association]], founded by [[E. D. Morel]] with Casement's support, and demanded action to relieve the situation of the Congolese. Other European nations followed suit, as did the United States. The British Parliament demanded a meeting of the 14 signatory powers to review the 1885 Berlin Agreement defining interests in Africa. The Belgian Parliament, pushed by Socialist leader [[Emile Vandervelde]] and other critics of the king's Congolese policy, forced Léopold to set up an independent commission of inquiry. In 1905, despite Léopold's efforts, it confirmed the essentials of Casement's report. On 15 November 1908, the parliament of Belgium took over the Congo Free State from Léopold and organised its administration as the [[Belgian Congo]].