Editing Road transport (section)

===20th century===
[[File:All of early 20th century transport is here… (12202409055).jpg|thumb|Modes of road transport in Dublin, 1929]]

Macadam roads were adequate for use by horses and carriages or coaches, but they were very dusty and subject to erosion with heavy rain. The [[Good Roads Movement]] occurred in the United States between the late 1870s and the 1920s. Advocates for improved roads led by bicyclists turned local agitation into a national political movement.

Outside cities, roads were dirt or gravel; mud in the winter and dust in the summer. Early organizers cited Europe where [[road construction]] and maintenance was supported by national and local governments. In its early years, the main goal of the movement was education for road building in [[Rural America|rural areas]] between cities and to help rural populations gain the social and economic benefits enjoyed by cities where citizens benefited from railroads, trolleys and paved streets. Even more than traditional vehicles, the newly invented bicycles could benefit from good country roads. Later on, they did not hold up to higher-speed motor vehicle use. Methods to stabilise [[Macadam|macadam roads]] with tar date back to at least 1834 when John Henry Cassell, operating from ''Cassell's Patent Lava Stone Works'' in [[Millwall]], patented "Pitch Macadam".<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46514 From: 'Northern Millwall: Tooke Town', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 423-433] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132610/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46514 |date=2014-01-16 }} Date accessed: 24 May 2009</ref>
This method involved spreading tar on the [[subgrade]], placing a typical macadam layer, and finally sealing the macadam with a mixture of tar and sand. Tar-grouted macadam was in use well before 1900 and involved scarifying the surface of an existing macadam pavement, spreading tar, and re-compacting. Although the use of tar in road construction was known in the 19th century, it was little used and was not introduced on a large scale until the motorcar arrived on the scene in the early 20th century.

Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer [[Edgar Purnell Hooley]], who noticed that spilled tar on the roadway kept the dust down and created a smooth surface.<ref name=Morton2002>{{citation |year=2002 |author=Ralph Morton|title=Construction UK: Introduction to the Industry| place=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Science|page=51 |isbn=0-632-05852-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cW4CRawd1TgC&q=%22Edgar+Hooley%22&pg=PA51|access-date=22 June 2010}}. (Details of this story vary a bit, but the essence of is the same, as are the basic facts).</ref> He took out a patent in 1901 for tarmac.<ref name=Harrison2004>{{citation |year=2004 |author=Harrison, Ian |title=The Book of Inventions |place=Washington, DC |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |page=277 |isbn=978-0-7922-8296-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4NGAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tarmac+1902+Edgar+Purnell+Hooley+(England)+Patent+no:+GB+7796/1902+%26+US%22 |access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909185050/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4NGAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tarmac+1902+Edgar+Purnell+Hooley+(England)+Patent+no:+GB+7796/1902+%26+US%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hooley's 1901 patent involved mechanically mixing tar and aggregate prior to lay-down and then compacting the mixture with a [[steamroller]]. The tar was modified by adding small amounts of [[Portland cement]], [[resin]], and [[pitch (resin)|pitch]].<ref>Hooley, E. Purnell, {{US patent|765975}}, "Apparatus for the preparation of tar macadam", July 26, 1904</ref>
[[File:Autostrada between Varese and Como.jpg|thumb|right|The Italian ''[[Autostrada dei Laghi]]'' ("Lakes Motorway" in the 1950s; now parts of the [[Autostrada A8 (Italy)|Autostrada A8]] and the [[Autostrada A9 (Italy)|Autostrada A9]]), the first [[controlled-access highway]] ever built in the world<ref name="independent"/><ref name="motorwebmuseum"/>]]

The first version of modern [[controlled-access highway]]s evolved during the first half of the 20th century. The [[Long Island Motor Parkway]] on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], opened in 1908 as a private venture, was the world's first limited-access roadway. It included many modern features, including [[banked turn]]s, [[guard rail]]s and reinforced concrete [[Asphalt concrete|tarmac]].<ref name="NYT_LIMP">{{cite news |last = Patton |first = Phil |date = 9 October 2008 |title = A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars |work = The New York Times <!-- |access-date = 16 September 2009--> }}</ref> Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a controlled-access highway (or "freeway" as later defined by the federal government's [[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]]).

Modern controlled-access highways originated in the early 1920s in response to the rapidly increasing use of the [[automobile]], the demand for faster movement between cities and as a consequence of improvements in paving processes, techniques and materials. These original high-speed roads were referred to as "[[dual highway]]s" and have been modernized and are still in use today.

Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only.<ref name=independent>{{Cite news |first=Thea |last=Lenarduzzi |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-worlds-first-motorway-piero-puricellis-masterpiece-is-the-focus-of-an-unlikely-pilgrimage-a6840816.html|title=The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece|date=30 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="motorwebmuseum">{{cite web|url=https://www.motorwebmuseum.it/en/places/varese/the-milano-laghi-by-piero-puricelli-the-first-motorway-in-the-world/|title=The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Autostrada dei Laghi]]''  ("Lakes Motorway"), the first built in the world, connecting [[Milan]] to [[Lake Como]] and [[Lake Maggiore]], and now parts of the [[Autostrada A8 (Italy)|A8]] and [[Autostrada A9 (Italy)|A9]] motorways, was devised by [[Piero Puricelli]] and was inaugurated in 1924.<ref name="motorwebmuseum"/> This motorway, called ''[[autostrada]]'', contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. The Bronx River Parkway was the first road in North America to utilize a median strip to separate the opposing lanes, to be constructed through a park and where intersecting streets crossed over bridges.<ref>{{cite news |title = Built to Meander, Parkway Fights to Keep Measured Pace |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = 6 June 1995 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/06/nyregion/built-to-meander-parkway-fights-to-keep-measured-pace.html |access-date = 13 April 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514214222/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/06/nyregion/built-to-meander-parkway-fights-to-keep-measured-pace.html |archive-date = 14 May 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Bronx River Parkway on an Endangered List |first = Roberta |last = Hershenson |work = The New York Times |date = 18 June 1995 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/18/nyregion/bronx-river-parkway-on-an-endangered-list.html |access-date = 13 April 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514195215/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/18/nyregion/bronx-river-parkway-on-an-endangered-list.html |archive-date = 14 May 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Southern State Parkway]] opened in 1927, while the [[Long Island Motor Parkway]] was closed in 1937 and replaced by the [[Northern State Parkway]] (opened 1931) and the contiguous [[Grand Central Parkway]] (opened 1936). In Germany, construction of the [[Bundesautobahn 555|Bonn-Cologne Autobahn]] began in 1929 and was opened in 1932 by [[Konrad Adenauer]], then the mayor of [[Cologne]].

In Canada, the first precursor with semi-controlled access was [[The Middle Road]] between [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] and [[Toronto]], which featured a median divider between opposing traffic flow, as well as the nation's first [[cloverleaf interchange]]. This highway developed into the [[Queen Elizabeth Way]], which featured a cloverleaf and trumpet interchange when it opened in 1937 and until the [[World War II|Second World War]] boasted the longest illuminated stretch of roadway built.<ref>{{cite book |title = From Footpaths to Freeways |last1 = Shragge |first1 = John |last2 = Bagnato |first2 = Sharon |name-list-style = amp |publisher = Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee |year = 1984 |page = 55 |isbn = 978-0-7743-9388-1 }}</ref> A decade later, the first section of [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] was opened, based on earlier designs. It has since become North America's busiest highway.

The word ''freeway'' was first used in February 1930 by [[Edward Bassett|Edward M. Bassett]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Thomas L. |last = Karnes |title = Asphalt and Politics: A History of the American Highway System |url = https://archive.org/details/asphaltpoliticsh00karn |url-access = limited |location = Jefferson, NC |publisher = McFarland & Co |year = 2009 |page = [https://archive.org/details/asphaltpoliticsh00karn/page/n139 131] |isbn = 9780786442829 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first = Jeremy |last = Korr |chapter = Physical and Social Constructions of the Capital Beltway |title = The World Beyond the Windshield: Roads and Landscapes in the United States and Europe |editor1-first = Christof |editor1-last = Mauch |editor2-first = Thomas |editor2-last = Zeller |name-list-style = amp |location = Athens |publisher = Ohio University Press |year = 2008 |page = 195 |isbn = 9780821417676 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2gtN_4_3HIC&pg=PA53}}</ref><ref name="bassett">{{cite journal |first = Edward M. |last = Bassett |title = The Freeway: A New Kind of Thoroughfare |journal = American City |volume = 42 |date = February 1930 |page = 95 }}</ref> Bassett argued that roads should be classified into three basic types: highways, [[parkway]]s, and freeways.<ref name="bassett" /> In Bassett's [[Zoning in the United States|zoning]] and [[property law]]-based system, [[abutter|abutting property owners]] have the rights of [[right to light|light]], [[air rights|air]] and access to highways but to not parkways and freeways; the latter two are distinguished in that the purpose of a parkway is recreation, while the purpose of a freeway is movement.<ref name="bassett" /> Thus as originally conceived, a freeway is a strip of public land devoted to movement to which abutting property owners do not have rights of light, air or access.<ref name="bassett" />