Editing River Avon, Warwickshire (section)

==History==
The navigation works on the Avon were originally authorised by an [[Order in Council]] and Letters Patent of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1635, which named [[William Sandys (waterworks engineer)|William Sandys]] as the grantee, with powers to improve both this river and the [[River Teme]]. He had already bought a number of mills on the river, but there were few objections from millers at those he did not own, for he built pound locks with two sets of gates, to enable vessels to pass by without the large loss of water associated with flash locks. The only objections were from Sir William Russell, who owned Strensham mill, and whose grievance was about land purchase, rather than the navigation works.<ref name=king>{{harvnb |King |2006 |pp=349–350}}</ref> By 1641 it was reported that the river was navigable to within {{convert|4|mi|km|0}} of Warwick.<ref name=jane/>

After a period of decline, navigation rights along the river were confirmed by a clause in the Rivers Stour and Salwarpe Navigation Act 1662 ([[14 Cha. 2]]. c. ''14''). Further improvements were made to the river above Evesham from 1664 by a syndicate led by [[Andrew Yarranton]]. He was working for Lord Windsor and others, and the work included the construction of three navigation weirs, which were a type of flash lock with a single barrier. These were used to enable boats to pass over shoals, and with the exception of the one at Pensham, were not built adjacent to mills. The Pensham watergate did at times hinder the proper operation of the mill, when the water levels rose above the gate.<ref name=king/> Once Yarranton's work was completed, barges of 30 tonnes could navigate to Stratford.<ref name=hadfield3>{{harvnb |Hadfield |1985 |p=56}}</ref>

Ownership of the navigation was formally divided into the Upper and Lower Avon in 1717, with Evesham being the dividing point. The Lower Avon Navigation between Evesham and the River Severn was leased by George Perrott in 1758, who spent over £4,000 upgrading the locks and weirs to enable 40-ton barges to navigate the river. The work was completed by 1768.<ref name=jane/> Perrott then intended to sell the navigation, but when the Stratford Canal was being promoted, he had a clause inserted into the Bill to force the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]] to make payments to him in view of the expected drop in tolls that the Navigation would experience. Once the Stratford Canal was completed, there was fierce competition between the Upper and Lower Avon companies, with coal from the Worcester and Birmingham coming up-river to Evesham, and coal coming down-river from Stratford. As the tolls dropped, Perrott leased the Lower river to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal company from 1830 until 1851.<ref name=hadfield8>{{harvnb |Hadfield |1985 |pp=146–147}}</ref>

[[File:Stratford-upon-Avon Canal lock and boats 15a07.JPG|thumb|left|One of the two lock gates between the River Avon and the Stratford-on-Avon canal]]
Meanwhile, the Upper Avon Navigation between Stratford and Evesham was owned by relatives of Lord Windsor, who had died in 1758, and its condition gradually deteriorated.<ref name=hadfield3/> Because of the sinuous course of the upper river, it was never really considered as a through navigation, except for a brief period when William James thought it could become a through route. He bought all of the shares in the Upper Avon company in 1813, and persuaded the Stratford Canal shareholders that there should be a junction between their canal and the river at Stratford, which was opened on 24 June 1816. In 1822, he spent £6,000 repairing the locks on the upper river, and became bankrupt. The navigation was taken over by seven men, all connected with the Stratford Canal, who turned Lucy's lock at Stratford into a two-rise staircase lock, constructed three new locks, and improved the river by dredging. Most of the subsequent traffic was local, competing with the Lower Avon for the delivery of coal to Evesham. The Upper Avon was leased to the Stratford Canal from 1842,<ref name=hadfield8/> but there was little traffic, and the lease was not renewed in 1847. The arrival of the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway at Stratford sealed its fate, and when the company failed to sell the navigation to local landowners for £150, they effectively abandoned it in 1857. John Broughton, who was the railway manager at Stratford, was persuaded to buy the navigation for £300 by local traders, but the venture was short-lived. Broughton was succeeded, and the railway, now called the [[West Midland Railway]], became part of the [[Great Western Railway]]. In 1875, the GWR decided it would no longer maintain the river, and an appeal to the Railway Commissioners in 1877 ruled that they were not obliged to do so.<ref name=hadfield15>{{harvnb |Hadfield |1985 |pp=269–270}}</ref>

The Lower Avon Navigation never quite fell into total disuse. The Worcester and Birmingham Canal renewed their lease in 1851 for a further 21 years, but traffic was severely hit by the opening of a railway link from Ashchurch to Evesham in 1864. Receipts had dropped to £139 in 1872, and the canal company did not renew their lease again. Somehow the navigation remained open, and as the commercial traffic declined, there was a gradual increase in pleasure usage.<ref name=hadfield15/> By the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]] only one barge was plying the stretch between Tewkesbury and Pershore, and the river above Pershore became unnavigable.<ref name=hadfield15/>