Editing Richard Lindzen (section)

===Atmospheric tides===
Since the time of [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1799),<ref>{{cite book | last =Laplace | first = PS |year=1799 | language = fr | title=Méchanique Céleste | url =https://archive.org/details/traitdemcaniquec04lapl |trans-title=Celestial Mechanics | place=Paris}}</ref> scientists had been puzzled as to why pressure variations measured at the Earth's surface associated with the [[atmospheric tides|semi-diurnal solar tide]] dominate those of the [[Atmospheric tides|diurnal tide]] in amplitude, when intuitively one would expect the diurnal passage of the sun to dominate. [[Lord Kelvin]] (1882) had proposed the so-called "resonance" theory, wherein the semi-diurnal tide would be "selected" over the diurnal oscillation if the atmosphere was somehow able to oscillate freely at a period of very close to 12 hours, in the same way that overtones are selected on a vibrating string. By the second half of the twentieth century, however, observations had failed to confirm this hypothesis, and an alternative hypothesis was proposed that something must instead suppress the diurnal tide. In 1961, [[Manfred Siebert]] suggested that absorption of [[insolation|solar insolation]] by tropospheric water vapour might account for the reduction of the diurnal tide.<ref>{{cite book | last = Siebert | first = M |year= 1961 |chapter= Atmospheric tides |title= Advances in Geophysics | volume = 7 | publisher = Academic Press |place=New York |pages=105–82}}</ref> However, he failed to include a role for stratospheric ozone. This was rectified in 1963 by the Australian physicist [[Stuart Thomas Butler]] and his student K.A. Small who showed that stratospheric ozone absorbs an even greater part of the solar [[insolation]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Butler | first1 = Stuart Thomas | last2 = Small | first2 = KA |year=1963 |title=The excitation of atmospheric oscillations |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=A274 |pages= 91–121}}</ref>

Nevertheless, the predictions of classical tidal theory still did not agree with observations. It was Lindzen, in his 1966 paper, ''On the theory of the diurnal tide'',<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/7_diur~1.pdf | last =Lindzen | first = Richard S | year = 1966 |title=On the theory of the diurnal tide |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=94 |pages= 295–301 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0295:OTTOTD>2.3.CO;2 | bibcode = 1966MWRv...94..295L |issue=5}}</ref> who showed that the solution set of [[Hough functions]] given by [[Bernhard Haurwitz]]<ref>{{cite journal | language = de | last = Haurwitz | first = B |year=1962a |title= Die tägliche Periode der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und ihre geographische Verteilung |journal=Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. | volume = A12 | issue = 4 |pages=426–34 |doi=10.1007/BF02249276|bibcode=1962AMGBA..12..426H | s2cid = 118241095 }}</ref> to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths had been omitted.{{Efn | Susumu Kato had independently made the same discovery at about the same time in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Kato | first = S |year=1966 |title=Diurnal atmospheric oscillation, 1. Eigenvalues and Hough functions |journal=J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 71 | issue = 13 | pages = 3201–9 |bibcode = 1966JGR....71.3201K |doi = 10.1029/JZ071i013p03201 |url= http://www.agu.org/journals/jz/v071/i013/JZ071i013p03201/JZ071i013p03201.pdf}}</ref>}} Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface pressure oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105065205/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-05 | last = Lindzen | first = Richard S |year=1967 |title=Thermally driven diurnal tide in the atmosphere |journal=  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=93 |pages=18–42 |doi = 10.1002/qj.49709339503 |bibcode = 1967QJRMS..93...18L |issue=395}}</ref> In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague, Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for [[Newton's law of cooling|Newtonian cooling]] due to emission of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Lindzen | first1 = Richard Siegmund | first2 = DJ | last2 = McKenzie |year=1967 |title=Tidal theory with Newtonian cooling |journal=Pure Appl. Geophys. |volume=64 | issue =1 |pages=90–96 | doi=10.1007/BF00875315 | bibcode=1967PApGe..66...90L| s2cid = 128537347 }}</ref> and then in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed so much more strongly and regularly at the surface.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund |year=1968 |title=The application of classical atmospheric tidal theory |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume= A303 | issue = 1474 | pages = 299–316| bibcode = 1968RSPSA.303..299L | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1968.0052 | s2cid = 97096978 }}</ref>

While holding the position of research scientist at the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research|National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)]] in [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], [[Colorado|CO]] Lindzen was noticed and befriended by Professor [[Sydney Chapman (mathematician)|Sydney Chapman]], who had contributed to the theory of atmospheric tides in a number of papers from the 1920s through to the 1940s. This led to their joint publication in 1969 of a 186-page monograph (republished in 1970 as a book) ''Atmospheric Tides''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf |last1=Lindzen |first1=Richard Siegmund |first2=Sydney |last2=Chapman |year=1969 |title=Atmospheric tides |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–188 |bibcode=1969SSRv...10....3L |doi=10.1007/BF00171584 |s2cid=189783807 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114190543/http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fS_TJ63wdAYC | last1 =Chapman | first1 = Sydney | first2 = Richard Siegmund | last2 = Lindzen | year = 1970 |title=Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational |publisher=D. Reidel Press |place=Dordrecht, [[Holland|NL]] |isbn=978-90-277-0113-8}} 200 pp.</ref>