Editing Retirement (section)

=== EU member states ===
Researchers analyzed factors affecting retirement decisions in [[EU member states]]:
* Alba-Ramirez (1997) uses micro data from the [[Active Population Survey of Spain]] and [[logit model]] for analyzing determinants of retirement decision and finds that having more members in the household, and as well as children, has a negative effect on the probability of retirement among older males. This is an intuitive result as males in bigger household with children have to earn more and pension benefits will be less than needed for household.<ref>Alba-Ramirez, A. 1997, "Labor Force Participation and Transitions of Older Workers in Spain", Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Working Paper 97-39, Economic series 17, May.</ref>
* Antolin and Scarpetta (1998) using [[German Socio-Economic Panel]] and hazard model find that Socio-demographic factors such as health and gender have a strong impact on the retirement decision: women tend to retire earlier than men, and poor health makes people go into retirement, particularly in the case of [[disability]] retirement. The relationship between health status and retirement is significant for both self-assessed and objective indicators of health status.<ref name="auto">Antolín, P. and S. Scarpetta. 1998. "Microeconometric Analysis of the Retirement Decision: Germany”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 204, OECD Publishing</ref> This is similar finding to the previous research of Blau and Riphahn (1997); using individual data from the German Socio-Economic Panel as well, but controlling for different variables they found that if individual has chronic health condition, then he tends to retire.<ref>Blau, D. and R. Riphahn. 1997. “Labor Force Transitions of Older Married Couples in Germany”. Paper presented at International Health and Retirement Surveys Conference, Amsterdam, August.</ref> Antolin and Scarpetta (1998) use better measure for health status than Blau and Riphahn (1997), because self-assessed and objective indicators of health status are better measures than chronic health condition.<ref name="auto"/>
* Blöndal and Scarpetta (1999) find significant effect of socio-demographic factors on the retirement decision. Men tend to retire later than women as women try to benefit from special early retirement schemes in Germany and the Netherlands. Another reason is that they get access to pensions earlier than men as standard age of entitlement to pension is lower for women compared with men in Italy and the United Kingdom. The other interesting finding is that retirement depends on household size: heads of large households prefer not to retire. They think that this can be because of the significance of wages in large households compared with smaller ones and insufficiency of pension benefits. Another finding is that health status is significant factor in all early retirements; poor health conditions are especially significant if respondents join to disability benefit scheme. This result is true for both indicators used to express health status (self assessment and objective indicators).<ref>Blöndal, S. and S. Scarpetta. 1997. Early retirement in OECD countries: The Role of Social Security Systems, OECD Economic Studies, issue 29, pages 7–54</ref> This research is similar to Antolin and Scarpetta (1998) and shows similar results extending sample and implications from Germany to OECD.
* Murray et al. (2016, 2019) have shown that in the United Kingdom local labour markets of where workers live effects later life work exit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=Emily T.|last2=Head|first2=Jenny|last3=Shelton|first3=Nicola|last4=Hagger-Johnson|first4=Gareth|last5=Stansfeld|first5=Stephen|last6=Zaninotto|first6=Paola|last7=Stafford|first7=Mai|date=June 2016|title=Local area unemployment, individual health and workforce exit: ONS Longitudinal Study|journal=The European Journal of Public Health|volume=26|issue=3|pages=463–469|doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckw005|issn=1101-1262|pmc=4884329|pmid=26922299}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=Emily T.|last2=Zaninotto|first2=Paola|last3=Fleischmann|first3=Maria|last4=Stafford|first4=Mai|last5=Carr|first5=Ewan|last6=Shelton|first6=Nicola|last7=Stansfeld|first7=Stephen|last8=Kuh|first8=Diana|last9=Head|first9=Jenny|date=April 2019|title=Linking local labour market conditions across the life course to retirement age: Pathways of health, employment status, occupational class and educational achievement, using 60 years of the 1946 British Birth Cohort|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=226|pages=113–122|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.038|pmid=30852391|s2cid=73725800|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10069556/7/Kuh%20VoR1-s2.0-S027795361930111X-main.pdf}}</ref>  In the first study, older workers aged 50 to 75 were more likely to exit the workforce over 10 years (years 2011–2011) if they had lived in a more deprived local authority in 2001.  For respondents that identified as sick/disabled in 2011, effects of local area unemployment in 2001 were stronger for respondents who had better self-rated health in 2001.<ref name=":0" />  The second study used the 1946 Birth Cohort to show that it's not just area unemployment near retirement age that matters for the ages workers retire: higher area unemployment at age 26 was associated with poorer health and lower likelihood of employment at aged 53; and these two individual pathways were identified as the key mediators between area unemployment and retirement age.<ref name=":1" />
* Rashad Mehbaliyev (2011)<ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2011/mehbaliyev_rashad.pdf |first=Rashad |last=Mehbaliyev |date=2009 |title=Determinants of retirement status: Comparative evidence from old and new EU member states |type=Masters |publisher=Central European University |location=Budapest}}</ref> analyzed how different factors related with health, demographics, behavior, financial status, and macroeconomics can affect retirement status in European Union countries for data collected from the SHARE Wave 2 dataset ([[Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.share-project.org/publications/other.html|title=The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE): Other|last=SHARE|work=share-project.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118064225/http://www.share-project.org/publications/other.html|archive-date=18 January 2017|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> and UN sources. He found that males are less likely to be retired compared with females in [[New Member States]], which is the opposite result than he found for [[Old Member States]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.morebooks.de/store/gb/book/determinants-of-retirement-status/isbn/978-3-8484-0780-4|title=Determinants of Retirement Status|last=Mehbaliyev|first=Rashad|date=14 February 2012|publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing|isbn=9783848407804|via=www.morebooks.de}}</ref> He explained that:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buecher.de/shop/englische-buecher/determinants-of-retirement-status/mehbaliyev-rashad/products_products/detail/prod_id/35034068/|title=Determinants of Retirement Status|last=Production|first=bücher de IT and|website=www.buecher.de}}</ref> "The reasons for these results can be the facts that significant [[gender wage gap]] exists in New Member States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/determinants-retirement-status-mehbaliyev-rashad/buch/9783848407804|title=Determinants of Retirement Status|work=libreriauniversitaria.it|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> household sizes are bigger in these countries than in Old Member States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawbooks.com.au/book/determinants-of-retirement-status.do|title=Personal Loans- Law Books|work=lawbooks.com.au|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627021822/http://www.lawbooks.com.au/book/determinants-of-retirement-status.do|archive-date=27 June 2013|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> and males play important role in household income which make them retire less than females."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Determinants of Retirement Status: Comparative Evidence from Old and New EU Member States|last=Mehbaliyev|first=Rashad|date=14 February 2012|publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing|isbn=978-3848407804}}</ref>