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===Phylogeny=== The [[cladistics#Cladograms|cladogram]] presented here illustrates the "family tree" of reptiles, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by M.S. Lee, in 2013.<ref name=scaffold2013>{{cite journal | last1=Lee | first1=M.S.Y. | year=2013 | title=Turtle origins: Insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds | journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume=26 | issue=12 | pages=2729–2738 | doi=10.1111/jeb.12268 |doi-access=free | pmid=24256520}}</ref> All [[Molecular phylogenetics|genetic]] studies have supported the hypothesis that turtles are diapsids; some have placed turtles within Archosauromorpha,<ref name=scaffold2013/><ref name="Mannen">{{cite journal |author1=Mannena, Hideyuki |author2=Li, Steven S.-L. |year=1999 |title=Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=144–148 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1999.0640 |pmid=10508547|bibcode=1999MolPE..13..144M }}</ref><ref name=Zardoya/><ref name=Iwabe/><ref name=Roos/><ref name=Katsu/> though a few have recovered turtles as Lepidosauromorpha instead.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lyson, Tyler R. |author2=Sperling, Erik A. |author3=Heimberg, Alysha M. |author4=Gauthier, Jacques A. |author5=King, Benjamin L. |author6=Peterson, Kevin J. |year=2012 |title=MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=104–107 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477 |doi-access=free |pmid=21775315 |pmc=3259949 |bibcode=2012BiLet...8..104L }}</ref> The cladogram below used a combination of genetic (molecular) and fossil (morphological) data to obtain its results.<ref name=scaffold2013/> {{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |label1=[[Amniote|Amniota]] |1={{clade |1=[[Synapsida]] ([[mammal]]s and their extinct relatives) [[File:Rattus norvegicus (white background).png|50px]] |label2='''[[Sauropsida|Sauropsida / Reptilia]]''' |sublabel2=(total group) |2={{clade |label1={{extinct}}[[Parareptilia]] |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Millerettid]]ae [[File:Milleretta BW flipped.jpg|50px]] |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[[Eunotosaurus]]'' |label2={{extinct}}[[Ankyramorpha]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Lanthanosuchidae]] [[File:Lanthanosuchus NT flipped.jpg|50px]] |label2={{extinct}}[[Procolophonia]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Pareiasauromorpha]] [[File:Scutosaurus BW flipped.jpg|50px]] |2={{extinct}}[[Procolophonoidea]] [[File:Sclerosaurus1DB.jpg|50px]] }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Eureptilia]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Captorhinidae]] [[File:Labidosaurus flipped.jpg|50px]] |label2=[[Romeriida]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[[Paleothyris]]'' |label2=[[Diapsid]]a |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Araeoscelidia]] [[File:Spinoaequalis schultzei reconstruction.jpg|50px]] |label2=[[Neodiapsida]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[[Claudiosaurus]]''[[File:Claudiosaurus white background.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Younginiformes]] [[File:Hovasaurus BW flipped.jpg|50px]] |label2='''Crown Reptilia'''/ |sublabel2=[[Sauria]] |2={{clade |label1=[[Pan-Lepidosauria]]/ |sublabel1=[[Lepidosauromorpha]] |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Kuehneosauridae]] [[File:Icarosaurus white background.jpg|50px]] |label2=[[Lepidosauria]] |2={{clade |1=[[Rhynchocephalia]] ([[tuatara]] and their extinct relatives) [[File:Hatteria white background.jpg|50px]] |2=[[Squamata]] ([[lizard]]s and [[snake]]s) [[File:British reptiles, amphibians, and fresh-water fishes (1920) (Lacerta agilis).jpg|50px]] [[File:Python natalensis Smith 1840 white background.jpg|50px]] }} }} |label2=[[Archelosauria]]/ |sublabel2=[[Archosauromorpha]] ''[[sensu lato|s. l.]]'' |2={{clade |label1=[[Pan-Testudines]]/ |sublabel2=[[Pantestudines]] |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Eosauropterygia]] [[File:Dolichorhynchops BW flipped.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Placodontia]] [[File:Psephoderma BW flipped.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[[Sinosaurosphargis]]'' |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[[Odontochelys]]'' |label2=[[Testudinata]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[[Proganochelys]]'' |2=[[Testudines]] ([[turtle]]s) [[File:Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Centrochelys sulcata).jpg|50px]] }} }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Pan-Archosauria]] |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Choristodera]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Hyphalosaurus mmartyniuk wiki.png|60px]]</span> |label2=[[Archosauromorpha]] ''[[sensu stricto|s. s.]]'' |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Prolacertiformes]] [[File:Prolacerta broomi.jpg|50px]] |2={{clade |2=[[Archosauriformes]] ([[Crocodilia|crocodiles]], [[bird]]s, dinosaurs and extinct relatives) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Deinosuchus riograndensis.png|50px]]</span> [[File:Meyers grosses Konversations-Lexikon - ein Nachschlagewerk des allgemeinen Wissens (1908) (Antwerpener Breiftaube).jpg|30 px]] |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}[[Rhynchosauria]] [[File:Hyperodapedon BW2 white background.jpg|50px]] |2={{extinct}}''[[Trilophosaurus]]''[[File:Trilophosaurus buettneri (flipped).jpg|50px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
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