Editing Reno, Nevada (section)

==Geography==

===Geology===
[[File:Dog Valley.jpg|thumb|Dog Valley, west of Reno, an area of active faulting]]
Reno is just east of the [[Sierra Nevada]], on the western edge of the [[Great Basin]] at an elevation of about {{convert|4400|ft}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]]. Numerous [[fault (geology)|faults]] exist throughout the region. Most of these are [[Dip-slip faults|normal]] (vertical motion) faults associated with the uplift of the various mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada.

In [[2008 Reno earthquakes|February 2008, an earthquake swarm]] began to occur, lasting for several months, with the largest quake registering at 4.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]], although some geologic estimates put it at 5.0. The earthquakes were centered on the Somersett community in western Reno near [[Mogul, Nevada|Mogul]] and [[Verdi, Nevada|Verdi]]. Many homes in these areas were damaged.<ref>{{cite news| title=Swarm of earthquakes shakes Reno area| date=April 30, 2008| url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/04/30/20080430renoquakes0430-ON.html| author=Ashley Powers|author2=Thomas H. Maugh II | newspaper=Los Angeles Times| access-date=August 27, 2008}}</ref>

The unique high desert geological features cause many to "describe Nevada as a rockhound's paradise .... access to millions of acres of government land" allows geologists, miners, and amateur rockhounds in Nevada "to hunt to your heart's content .... being able to find agate, opal, jasper, fossils, fluorescent minerals, obsidian, chalcedony, wonderstone, malachite, petrified wood, limb casts, and much more means paradise."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kappele |first1=William |title=Rockhounding Nevada: A Guide to the State's Best Rockhounding Sites |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4930-3402-4 |section=Introduction |edition=3rd}}</ref>
===Environmental considerations===
[[File:Steamboat Springs Nevada.jpg|thumb|Reno Nevada and the [[Truckee Meadows]] south west of the Reno Tahoe International Airport has a large herd of [[mustang]] horses. These horses nurse and range around the runoff of Steamboat Creek. The mustang is a notable iconic image of the Nevada range land, which includes Reno.]]

The Reno area is often subject to [[wildfire]]s that cause property damage and sometimes loss of life. Roughly 80% of homes in the area have a risk of being impacted by wildfire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heyl |first=Katelyn |last2=Snow |first2=Henry |date=2024-05-09 |title=Reno in Flames |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9ed0e75f78cd447a97912a42a0dcc141 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref> In August 1960, the Donner Ridge fire resulted in a loss of electricity to the city for four days.<ref>{{cite book| title=Weather and Climate of the Reno-Carson City-Lake Tahoe Region: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 34| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BWgg69xcGsC&pg=PA53| year=2007| publisher=NV Bureau of Mines & Geology| isbn=978-1-888035-11-7|page=53|access-date=2013-01-16}}</ref> In November 2011, arcing from powerlines caused a fire in Caughlin in southwest Reno that destroyed 26 homes and killed one man. Just two months later, <!-- in January 2012, --> a fire in Washoe Drive sparked by fireplace ashes destroyed 29 homes and killed one woman. Around 10,000 residents were evacuated, and a state of emergency was declared. The fires came at the end of Reno's longest recorded dry spell.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wildfires/story/2012-01-20/reno-nevada-fire/52688260/1| title='Remorseful' man admits he caused Reno blaze| last=Magerum| first=Liz| agency=Associated Press| date=January 20, 2012| work=USA Today| access-date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> In September 2024, the Davis Fire burned heavily forested regions in Southwest Reno. Fourteen structures burned in the area, and twenty thousand people were evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haas |first=Greg |date=2024-09-09 |title=UPDATE: Davis Fire prompts 20K evacuations, cancels classes in Reno area |url=https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/davis-fire-prompts-20k-evacuations-cancels-classes-in-reno-area/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=KLAS |language=en-US}}</ref>
<!--40 miles outside Reno, not appropriate for city article:[[File:Lakeviewlift.JPG|thumb|View of [[Lake Tahoe]] from a Diamond Peak ski lift]]-->

===Climate===
Reno has a [[Cold semi-arid climate|cold semi-arid]] climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk''), bordering a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa'') to the west. It experiences moderately cold winters and hot summers; it is influenced by the [[Sierra Nevada]] mountains to the west and the more arid [[Great Basin]] to the east.<ref>O'Hara, B. F. (2006). [https://www.weather.gov/media/wrh/online_publications/TMs/TM-276.pdf Climate of Reno, Nevada]. p. 1</ref> It is situated across a varied geographic landscape, which extends from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada into the Truckee River valley. While Reno experiences a [[rain shadow]] effect from the surrounding mountains, its western portions can receive three to four times as much precipitation as those extending eastward.<ref name=":02">O'Hara, B. F. (2006). [https://www.weather.gov/media/wrh/online_publications/TMs/TM-276.pdf Climate of Reno, Nevada]. p. 4</ref> Annual rainfall patterns in Reno adhere to a Mediterranean climate, with most precipitation occurring in fall, winter, and spring, followed by long, hot, dry summers.<ref name=":02" /> However, Reno's average annual rainfall is slightly lower than that of Californian cities more typically associated with Mediterranean climates. The area's low [[evapotranspiration]] stemming from its moderate annual average temperature also bears similarity to semi-arid climates found in Nevada's Great Basin.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014JD022138 | doi=10.1002/2014JD022138 | title=Accuracy of near-surface aerosol extinction determined from columnar aerosol optical depth measurements in Reno, NV, USA | date=2014 | last1=Loría-Salazar | first1=S. Marcela | last2=Arnott | first2=W. Patrick | last3=Moosmüller | first3=Hans | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres | volume=119 | issue=19 | bibcode=2014JGRD..11911355L }}</ref>

The monthly daily average temperature ranges from {{convert|36.2|°F|1}} in December to {{convert|77.2|°F|1}} in July, with the [[diurnal temperature variation]] occasionally reaching {{convert|40|F-change}} in summer, still lower than much of the high desert to the east. There are 6.0 days of {{convert|100|°F|0}}+ highs, 65 days of {{convert|90|°F|0}}+ highs, 1.6 days with {{convert|70|°F|0}}+ lows, and 1.9 days with sub-{{convert|10|°F|0}} lows annually; the temperature reaches or dips below the freezing point on 122 days, and does not rise above freezing on only 4.1 of those days.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rev |access-date=October 13, 2021 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> The all-time record high temperature is {{convert|108|°F|0}}, which occurred on July 10 and 11, 2002, again on July 5, 2007, and again on July 16, 2023. The all-time record low temperature is {{convert|-17|°F|0}}, which occurred on January 21, 1916; the lowest temperature recorded at the airport is {{convert|-16|°F|0}}, which occurred on four occasions, most recently on February 7, 1989.<ref name="NOAA" /> In addition, the region is windy throughout the year; observers such as [[Mark Twain]] have commented about the "Washoe Zephyr", northwestern Nevada's distinctive wind.

Annual precipitation has ranged from {{convert|1.55|in|mm|1}} in 1947 to {{convert|13.73|in|mm|1}} in 2017. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|6.76|in|mm|1}} in January 1916 and the most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|2.71|in|mm|1}} on January 28, 1903. At [[Reno–Tahoe International Airport]], where records go back to 1937, the most precipitation in one month was {{convert|5.57|in|mm|1}} in January 2017 and the most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|2.29|in|mm|1}} on January 21, 1943.<ref name="NOAA" />

Most [[precipitation (meteorology)|rainfall]] occurs in winter and spring. Summer thunderstorms can occur between April and October. The eastern side of town and the mountains east of Reno tend to be prone to thunderstorms more often, and these storms may be severe because an afternoon downslope west wind, called a "[[Washoe Zephyr]]", can develop in the Sierra Nevada, causing air to be pulled down in the Sierra Nevada and Reno, destroying or preventing thunderstorms, but the same wind can push air upward against the Virginia Range and other mountain ranges east of Reno, creating powerful thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reno, NV |url=http://www.visitrenotahoe.com/destination/reno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106184552/http://www.visitrenotahoe.com/destination/reno |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |access-date=June 1, 2010 |publisher=Reno Tahoe Visitors website}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Brian O'Hara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BWgg69xcGsC&pg=PA71 |title=Weather and Climate of the Reno-Carson City-Lake Tahoe Region |author2=Gary Barbato |author3=John James |author4=Heather Angeloff |author5=Tom Cylke |publisher=NV Bureau of Mines & Geology |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-888035-11-7 |page=71}}</ref>

Winter snowfall is usually light to moderate, but can be heavy some days, averaging {{convert|20.9|in|cm|0}} annually. Snowfall varies with the lowest amounts (roughly 19–23&nbsp;inches annually) at the lowest part of the valley at and east of the airport at {{convert|4404|ft}}, while the foothills of the [[Carson Range]] to the west ranging from {{convert|4700|to|5600|ft}} in elevation just a few miles west of downtown can receive two to three times as much annual snowfall. The mountains of the [[Virginia Range]] to the east, meanwhile, can receive more summer thunderstorms and precipitation, and around twice as much annual snowfall above {{convert|5500|ft}}. However, snowfall increases in the Virginia Range are less dramatic as elevation climbs than in the Carson Range to the west, because the Virginia Range is well within the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada and Carson Range. The most snowfall in Reno in one winter was {{convert|72.3|in|cm|0}} in 1915–1916, with an astonishing {{convert|65.7|in|cm|0}} in January, the most in a calendar month, as well as {{convert|22.5|in|cm|0}} on January 17, the most in a calendar day; the most snowfall in a calendar year was {{convert|82.3|in|cm|0}} in 1916.<ref name="NOAA" />

{{Weather box
| collapsed = {{{collapsed|}}}
| width = auto
| location = Reno ([[Reno–Tahoe International Airport|RNO]]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1893–present{{efn|Official records for Reno kept January 1893 to 10 November 1905 at "Reno", 11 November 1905 to February 1937 at Reno Weather Bureau Office (CRB), and at Reno–Tahoe International Airport since March 1937. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ Threadex]}}
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 71
| Feb record high F = 75
| Mar record high F = 83
| Apr record high F = 90
| May record high F = 98
| Jun record high F = 104
| Jul record high F = 108
| Aug record high F = 105
| Sep record high F = 106
| Oct record high F = 93
| Nov record high F = 77
| Dec record high F = 71
| Jan avg record high F = 61.2
| Feb avg record high F = 65.3
| Mar avg record high F = 73.9
| Apr avg record high F = 80.9
| May avg record high F = 89.4
| Jun avg record high F = 97.0
| Jul avg record high F = 102.1
| Aug avg record high F = 100.0
| Sep avg record high F = 94.5
| Oct avg record high F = 85.0
| Nov avg record high F = 71.5
| Dec avg record high F = 61.7
| year avg record high F = 102.6
| Jan high F = 47.7
| Feb high F = 52.1
| Mar high F = 59.2
| Apr high F = 64.7
| May high F = 74.1
| Jun high F = 84.6
| Jul high F = 93.9
| Aug high F = 92.1
| Sep high F = 83.8
| Oct high F = 70.4
| Nov high F = 56.7
| Dec high F = 46.7
| year high F = 68.8
| Jan mean F = 36.9
| Feb mean F = 40.6
| Mar mean F = 46.6
| Apr mean F = 51.6
| May mean F = 60.3
| Jun mean F = 69.2
| Jul mean F = 77.2
| Aug mean F = 75.1
| Sep mean F = 67.0
| Oct mean F = 55.1
| Nov mean F = 43.8
| Dec mean F = 36.2
| year mean F = 55.0
| Jan low F = 26.1
| Feb low F = 29.0
| Mar low F = 34.0
| Apr low F = 38.5
| May low F = 46.6
| Jun low F = 53.8
| Jul low F = 60.4
| Aug low F = 58.1
| Sep low F = 50.3
| Oct low F = 39.7
| Nov low F = 31.0
| Dec low F = 25.7
| year low F = 41.1
| Jan avg record low F = 12.2
| Feb avg record low F = 16.1
| Mar avg record low F = 21.3
| Apr avg record low F = 26.2
| May avg record low F = 34.0
| Jun avg record low F = 41.0
| Jul avg record low F = 50.7
| Aug avg record low F = 48.5
| Sep avg record low F = 39.0
| Oct avg record low F = 27.4
| Nov avg record low F = 17.4
| Dec avg record low F = 11.3
| year avg record low F = 6.6
| Jan record low F = -17
| Feb record low F = -16
| Mar record low F = -3
| Apr record low F = 13
| May record low F = 16
| Jun record low F = 25
| Jul record low F = 33
| Aug record low F = 24
| Sep record low F = 20
| Oct record low F = 8
| Nov record low F = 1
| Dec record low F = -16
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.25
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.03
| Mar precipitation inch = 0.80
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.44
| May precipitation inch = 0.55
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.41
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.20
| Aug precipitation inch = 0.24
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.21
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.50
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.62
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.10
| year precipitation inch = 7.35
| Jan snow inch = 5.2
| Feb snow inch = 5.2
| Mar snow inch = 2.9
| Apr snow inch = 0.4
| May snow inch = 0.1
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.1
| Nov snow inch = 1.8
| Dec snow inch = 5.2
| year snow inch = 20.9
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 6.9
| Feb precipitation days = 7.0
| Mar precipitation days = 5.5
| Apr precipitation days = 4.5
| May precipitation days = 4.4
| Jun precipitation days = 3.1
| Jul precipitation days = 1.7
| Aug precipitation days = 1.6
| Sep precipitation days = 2.0
| Oct precipitation days = 2.9
| Nov precipitation days = 4.3
| Dec precipitation days = 6.6
| year precipitation days = 50.5
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 3.4
| Feb snow days = 3.3
| Mar snow days = 2.0
| Apr snow days = 0.7
| May snow days = 0.2
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.1
| Nov snow days = 1.2
| Dec snow days = 3.0
| year snow days = 13.9
| Jan humidity = 68.0
| Feb humidity = 60.2
| Mar humidity = 52.7
| Apr humidity = 45.9
| May humidity = 43.2
| Jun humidity = 39.9
| Jul humidity = 36.2
| Aug humidity = 39.3
| Sep humidity = 44.0
| Oct humidity = 50.7
| Nov humidity = 61.2
| Dec humidity = 67.6
| year humidity = 50.7
| Jan sun = 195.6
| Feb sun = 204.2
| Mar sun = 291.0
| Apr sun = 332.1
| May sun = 375.8
| Jun sun = 393.8
| Jul sun = 424.0
| Aug sun = 390.8
| Sep sun = 343.9
| Oct sun = 295.2
| Nov sun = 212.0
| Dec sun = 187.5
| year sun = 3645.9
| Jan percentsun = 65
| Feb percentsun = 68
| Mar percentsun = 78
| Apr percentsun = 83
| May percentsun = 84
| Jun percentsun = 88
| Jul percentsun = 93
| Aug percentsun = 92
| Sep percentsun = 92
| Oct percentsun = 85
| Nov percentsun = 70
| Dec percentsun = 64
| year percentsun = 82
| Jan dew point C = -6.0
| Feb dew point C = -5.0
| Mar dew point C = -4.7
| Apr dew point C = -3.7
| May dew point C = -0.3
| Jun dew point C = 2.5
| Jul dew point C = 4.2
| Aug dew point C = 4.1
| Sep dew point C = 1.6
| Oct dew point C = -1.4
| Nov dew point C = -3.7
| Dec dew point C = -6.1
| Dec dew point F = 
| source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity, dew points and sun 1961–1990)<ref>{{cite web 
| url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rev
| publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
| title=National Weather Service Climate 
| access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref><ref name="NCEI Summary of Monthly Normals - 1991-2020">{{cite web
| url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023185&format=pdf 
| title = Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] 
| access-date =2021-10-13
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230630053118/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023185&format=pdf
| archive-date = 2023-06-30}}</ref><ref name=NOAAsun>
{{cite web
| url= ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72488.TXT
| title = WMO Climate Normals for NV Reno Tahoe INTL AP 1961–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = February 12, 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230630235501/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72488.TXT
| archive-date = 2023-06-30}}</ref>
| source = 
}}{{Weather box
| collapsed = 
| width = auto
| location = [[Stead, Nevada|Stead]], 1991–2020 normals{{efn|Mean maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}}
| single line = Y
| Jan high F = 43.4
| Feb high F = 47.2
| Mar high F = 53.9
| Apr high F = 59.5
| May high F = 69.0
| Jun high F = 79.2
| Jul high F = 88.8
| Aug high F = 87.1
| Sep high F = 79.4
| Oct high F = 66.3
| Nov high F = 52.4
| Dec high F = 43.1
| year high F = 
| Jan mean F = 33.6
| Feb mean F = 36.8
| Mar mean F = 42.3
| Apr mean F = 47.1
| May mean F = 55.6
| Jun mean F = 64.1
| Jul mean F = 72.8
| Aug mean F = 70.8
| Sep mean F = 63.5
| Oct mean F = 51.8
| Nov mean F = 40.5
| Dec mean F = 33.4
| year mean F = 
| Jan low F = 23.9
| Feb low F = 26.4
| Mar low F = 30.6
| Apr low F = 34.7
| May low F = 42.2
| Jun low F = 49.0
| Jul low F = 56.9
| Aug low F = 54.6
| Sep low F = 47.6
| Oct low F = 37.2
| Nov low F = 28.5
| Dec low F = 23.7
| year low F = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.59
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.55
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.24
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.48
| May precipitation inch = 0.59
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.51
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.39
| Aug precipitation inch = 0.19
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.32
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.76
| Nov precipitation inch = 1.15
| Dec precipitation inch = 2.20
| year precipitation inch = 
| Jan snow inch = 4.0
| Feb snow inch = 3.1
| Mar snow inch = 2.5
| Apr snow inch = 0.6
| May snow inch = 0.1
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.0
| Nov snow inch = 1.0
| Dec snow inch = 5.4
| year snow inch = 
| source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Climate |url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=rev |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref>
| source = 
}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Reno.tab
| title=Reno, NV weather
}}