Editing Reduplication (section)

====Copying direction====
A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word (''left-to-right'' copying) or from the right edge (''right-to-left'' copying). There is a tendency for prefixing reduplicants to copy left-to-right and for suffixing reduplicants to copy right-to-left:

Initial '''L → R''' copying in Oykangand [[Kunjen]] (a [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] language of [[Australia]]):
{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[eder]}}
| →
| {{IPA|[ededer]}}
| 'rain'
| (''ed''-<u>ed</u>er)
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[alɡal]}}
| →
| {{IPA|[alɡalɡal]}}
| 'straight'
| (''alg''-<u>alg</u>al)
|}

Final '''R → L''' copying in [[Sirionó]]:
{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| ''achisia''
| →
| ''achisiasia''
| 'I cut'
| (achi<u>sia</u>-''sia'')
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| ''ñimbuchao''
| →
| ''ñimbuchaochao''
| 'to come apart'
| (ñimbu<u>chao</u>-''chao'')
| <small><cite>(McCarthy and Prince 1996)</cite></small>
|}

Copying from the other direction is possible although less common:

Initial '''R → L''' copying in [[Tillamook language|Tillamook]]:
{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[ɡaɬ]}}
| 'eye'
| →
| {{IPA|[ɬɡaɬ]}}
| 'eyes'
| {{IPA|(''ɬ''-ɡa<u>ɬ</u>)}}
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[təq]}}
| 'break'
| →
| {{IPA|[qtəq]}}
| 'they break'
| {{IPA|(''q''-tə<u>q</u>)}}
| <small><cite>(Reichard 1959)</cite></small>
|}

Final '''L → R''' copying in [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]]:
{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| ''nute-''
| 'ground'
| →
| ''nutenut''
| 'ground (abs. sg.)'
| (<u>nut</u>e-''nut'')
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| ''{{IPA|jilʔe-}}''
| 'gopher'
| →
| ''{{IPA|jilʔejil}}''
| 'gopher (abs. sg.)'
| {{IPA|(<u>jil</u>ʔe-''jil'')}}
| <small><cite>(Marantz 1982)</cite></small>
|}

Internal reduplication can also involve copying the beginning or end of the base. In Quileute, the first consonant of the base is copied and inserted after the first vowel of the base.

Internal '''L → R''' copying in [[Quileute language|Quileute]]:
{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[tsiko]}}
| 'he put it on'
| →
| {{IPA|[tsitsko]}}
| 'he put it on (frequentative)'
| (<u>ts</u>i-''ts''-ko)
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[tukoːjoʔ]}}
| 'snow'
| →
| {{IPA|[tutkoːjoʔ]}}
| 'snow here and there'
| (<u>t</u>u-''t''-ko:jo’)
| <small><cite>(Broselow and McCarthy 1984)</cite></small>
|}

In Temiar, the last consonant of the root is copied and inserted before the medial consonant of the root.

Internal '''R → L''' copying in [[Temiar language|Temiar]] (an [[Austroasiatic]] language of [[Malaysia]]):
{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[sluh]}}
| 'to shoot (perfective)'
| →
| {{IPA|[shluh]}}
| 'to shoot (continuative)'
| {{IPA|(s-''h''-lu<u>h</u>)}}
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[slɔɡ]}}
| 'to marry (perfective)'
| →
| {{IPA|[sɡlɔɡ]}}
| 'to marry (continuative)'
| {{IPA|(s-''ɡ''-lɔ<u>ɡ</u>)}}
| <small><cite>(Broselow and McCarthy 1984, Walther 2000)</cite></small>
|}

A rare type of reduplication is found in [[Semai language|Semai]] (an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia). "Expressive minor reduplication" is formed with an initial reduplicant that copies the first and last segment of the base:

{| style="line-height: 1.4em;" cellpadding="2"
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[kʉːʔ]}}
| →
| {{IPA|[kʔkʉːʔ]}}
| 'to vomit'
| {{IPA|(''kʔ''-<u>k</u>ʉː<u>ʔ</u>)}}
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[dŋɔh]}}
| →
| {{IPA|[dhdŋɔh]}}
| 'appearance of nodding constantly'
| {{IPA|(''dh''-<u>d</u>ŋɔ<u>h</u>)}}
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[cruhaːw]}}
| →
| {{IPA|[cwcruhaːw]}}
| 'monsoon rain'
| {{IPA|(''cw''-<u>c</u>ruhaː<u>w</u>)}}
| <small><cite>Diffloth 1973</cite></small>
|}