Editing Ravi Shankar (section)

=== 1970–2012: International performances ===
In October 1970, Shankar became chair of the Department of Indian Music of the [[California Institute of the Arts]] after previously teaching at the [[City College of New York]], the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the [[Ali Akbar College of Music]].<ref name=Ghoshp57 /><ref name=Ghoshp56>Ghosh 1983, p. 56.</ref><ref name=Lavezzolip66 /> In late 1970, the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] invited Shankar to compose a concerto with ''sitar''. ''[[Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra]]'' was performed with [[André Previn]] as conductor and Shankar playing the ''sitar''.<ref name=Massey /><ref name=Lavezzolip221>Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221.</ref>{{efn|Hans Neuhoff of ''[[Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart]]'' has criticized the usage of the orchestra in this concerto as "amateurish".<ref name="Neuhoff">Neuhoff 2006, pp. 672–673.</ref>}} Shankar performed at the [[Concert for Bangladesh]] in August 1971, held at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York. After the musicians had tuned up on stage for over a minute, the crowd of rock-music fans broke into applause, to which the amused Shankar responded, "If you like our tuning so much, I hope you will enjoy the playing more." which confused the audience. Still, the audience well received the subsequent performance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/sitar-virtuoso-ravi-shankar-dies-at-92-1.1195654|title=Sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar dies at 92|author=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=11 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715180334/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/sitar-virtuoso-ravi-shankar-dies-at-92-1.1195654|archive-date=15 July 2022|quote="Shankar was amused after he and colleague Ustad Ali Akbar Khan were greeted with admiring applause when they opened the Concert for Bangladesh by twanging their sitar and sarod for a minute and a half. 'If you like our tuning so much, I hope you will enjoy the playing more,' he told the confused crowd, and then launched into his set."}}</ref> Although interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s, the [[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|live album]] from the concert became one of the best-selling recordings to feature the genre and won Shankar a second Grammy Award.<ref name=Grammy /><ref name=Lavezzolip66>Lavezzoli 2006, p. 66.</ref>

{{quote box|
| align = right
| width = 25%
| quote = As for Shankar and the sitar, they are extensions one of the other, each seeming to enter into the other's soul in one of the world's supreme musical arts. It is a thing inimitable, beyond words and forever new. For, as Shankar explained, 90 percent of all the music played was improvised.
| source = &nbsp;– [[Paul Hume (music critic)|Paul Hume]], music editor for ''Washington Post''<ref>Hume, Paul. "A Sensational Jam Session with India's Ravi Shankar", ''Washington Post'', 11 September 1968.</ref>
}}
In November and December 1974, Shankar co-headlined a [[George Harrison and Ravi Shankar's 1974 North American tour|North American tour with George Harrison]]. The demanding schedule weakened his health, and he suffered a heart attack in Chicago, causing him to miss a portion of the tour.<ref>Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 195–96.</ref>{{efn|In his absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer [[Lakshmi Shankar]], conducted the touring orchestra.<ref name=Lavezzolip196>Lavezzoli 2006, p. 196.</ref>}} Harrison, Shankar and members of the touring band visited the [[White House]] on invitation of [[John Gardner Ford]], son of US president [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name=Lavezzolip196 /> Shankar toured and taught for the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s and released his second concerto, ''Raga Mala'', conducted by [[Zubin Mehta]], in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/following-the-first-performance-of-his-concerto-no-2-for-sitar-and-picture-id159634420|title=Photo of Ravi Shankar with conductor Zubin Mehta joking around after a concert|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222330/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/following-the-first-performance-of-his-concerto-no-2-for-sitar-and-picture-id159634420|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Adam|title=Where Are They Now?|work=Newsweek|date=8 August 1994|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/NWEC/lib00285,0EC05F4D76C65508.html|access-date=10 July 2009}}</ref><ref>Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222.</ref> Shankar was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Original Music Score]] for his work on the 1982 movie ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''.{{efn|Shankar lost to [[John Williams]]' ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|ET]]''<ref name=Oscar>{{cite news|title=Ravi Shankar remains true to his Eastern musical ethos|work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]|date=19 April 2005|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-9117516.html|access-date=18 July 2009 | first=Sean | last=Piccoli}}</ref>}}

He performed in Moscow in 1988,<ref name=NYT-obit/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjVVCjRE3as|title=Ravi Shankar – Inside the Kremlin|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713010942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjVVCjRE3as|url-status=live}}</ref> with 140 musicians, including the Russian Folk Ensemble and members of the Moscow Philharmonic, along with his own group of Indian musicians.<ref name=NYT-obit/>

He served as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper chamber of the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name=Arunabha /><ref>{{cite web|title='Rajya Sabha Members'/Biographical Sketches 1952 – 2003|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]|date=6 January 2004|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf|access-date=29 July 2010|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110253/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shankar composed the dance drama ''Ghanashyam'' in 1989.<ref name="Brockhaus" /> His liberal views on musical co-operation led him to contemporary composer [[Philip Glass]], with whom he released an album, ''[[Passages (Ravi Shankar and Philip Glass album)|Passages]]'', in 1990,<ref name="NewGrove" /> in a project initiated by [[Peter Baumann]] of the band [[Tangerine Dream]].

[[File:Ravi and Anoushka Shankar 2007.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Shankar performing with [[Anoushka Shankar]] in 2007]]
Because of the positive response to Shankar's 1996 career compilation ''[[Ravi Shankar: In Celebration|In Celebration]]'', Shankar wrote a second autobiography, ''[[Raga Mala (book)|Raga Mala]]''.<ref>Lavezzoli 2006, p. 197.</ref> He performed between 25 and 40 concerts every year during the late 1990s.<ref name="NewGrove" /> Shankar taught his daughter [[Anoushka Shankar]] to play ''sitar'' and in 1997 became a Regents' Professor at [[University of California, San Diego]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shankar advances her music|work=The Washington Times|date=16 November 1999|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/WT/lib00179,0EB0F3E288AD65E1.html|access-date=4 November 2009|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011193750/https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0F3E288AD65E1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Legendary Virtuoso Sitarist Rave Shankar Accepts Regents' Professor Appointment at University of California, San Diego|work=UCSDnews|date=18 September 1997|url=http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/arts/shankar.html|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216234325/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/arts/shankar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He performed with Anoushka for the [[BBC World Service|BBC]] in 1997 at the [[Symphony Hall, Birmingham|Symphony Hall in Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xB_X9BOAOU#t=33.274013|title=Ravi Shankar & Anoushka Shankar Live: Raag Khamaj (1997)|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003734/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xB_X9BOAOU#t=33.274013|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2000s, he won a [[Grammy Award for Best World Music Album]] for ''[[Full Circle: Carnegie Hall 2000]]'' and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her father, ''Bapi: Love of My Life'', in 2002.<ref name=Grammy /><ref>Lavezzoli 2006, p. 411.</ref>{{efn|Anoushka performed a composition by Shankar for the 2002 Harrison memorial [[Concert for George]] and Shankar wrote a third concerto for ''sitar'' and orchestra for Anoushka and the [[Orpheus Chamber Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Idato|first=Michael|title=Concert for George|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=9 April 2004|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/08/1081326843156.html|access-date=18 July 2009|archive-date=3 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103061845/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/08/1081326843156.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anoushka enthralls at New York show|work=The Hindu|location=India|date=4 February 2009|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200902041040.htm|access-date=18 July 2009|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105132244/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200902041040.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}} After George Harrison's death in 2001, Shankar performed at the [[Concert for George]], a celebration of Harrison's music staged at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London in 2002.<ref>video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG5EdoxBVt0 Concert for George, at the Royal Albert Hall, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424064839/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LG5EdoxBVt0 |date=24 April 2017 }}</ref>

In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert,<ref name=Mahony /> but his 2011 tour included dates in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barnett|first=Laura|title=Portrait of the artist: Ravi Shankar, musician|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 June 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/jun/06/ravi-shankar-musician|access-date=7 June 2011|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034939/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/jun/06/ravi-shankar-musician|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/41395269.cms|title=Photo of Ravi Shankar (3rd from left) and his wife Sukanya Shankar with former Beatle Sir Paul McCartney (2nd from left) and Ringo Starr (right).|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521155125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/41395269.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 July 2010, at the [[Southbank Centre]]'s [[Royal Festival Hall]], London, England, [[Anoushka Shankar]], on sitar, performed with the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], conducted by David Murphy, which was billed the first ''Symphony'' by Ravi Shankar.{{efn|This performance was recorded and is available on CD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://londonphilharmonic.wordpress.com/2012/04/04/new-album-ravi-shankar-symphony-exclusive-on-itunes/|title=New album: Ravi Shankar Symphony – exclusive on iTunes – London Philharmonic Orchestra News|work=London Philharmonic Orchestra News|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165724/https://londonphilharmonic.wordpress.com/2012/04/04/new-album-ravi-shankar-symphony-exclusive-on-itunes/|url-status=live}}</ref> The website of the Ravi Shankar Foundation provides the information that "The symphony was written in Indian notation in 2010, and has been interpreted by his student and conductor, David Murphy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ravishankar.org/|title=Ravi Shankar|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=26 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226102614/http://ravishankar.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The information available on the website does not explain this process of "interpretation" of Ravi Shankar's notation by David Murphy, nor how Ravi Shankar's Indian notation could accommodate Western orchestral writing.}}
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