Editing Rave (section)

==Characteristics==

===Music===
[[File:Roland TB-303 Panel.jpg|thumb|The [[Roland TB-303]] is a synthesizer featured in [[acid house]] music.]]
[[File:Roland TR-909 (large).png|thumb|The [[Roland TR-909|TR-909]] is a [[drum machine]] used in [[techno]], [[house music|house]] and many other genres.]]
[[File:Volxvergnuegen Party Munich 6.jpg|thumb|Rave music is usually presented in a [[DJ set]], using a [[DJ mixer|mixer]] and [[turntable]]s or [[CDJ]]s.]]
Rave music may either refer to the late 1980s/early 1990s genres of [[House music|house]], [[new beat]], [[breakbeat]], [[acid house]], [[techno]] and [[hardcore (electronic dance music genre)|hardcore techno]], which were the first genres of music to be played at rave parties, or to any other genre of [[electronic dance music]] (EDM) that may be played at a rave.

The genre "rave", also known as '''hardcore''' (not to be confused with other "hardcore" music genres) by early ravers, first appeared amongst the UK "acid" movement during the late 1980s at warehouse parties and other [[underground culture|underground]] venues, as well as on [[Pirate radio in the United Kingdom|UK pirate radio stations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/rave-ma0000004480|title=Rave Music Genre Overview|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> Another genre called "rave" during the early 1990s, was the [[Belgian hardcore techno]] music that emerged from [[new beat]], when techno became the main style in the Belgian EDM scene.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsob.be/ |title=The Sound of Belgium Documentary |website=www.tsob.be |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411121330/http://www.tsob.be/|archive-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

The "rave" genre would develop into [[breakbeat hardcore|oldschool hardcore]], which lead onto newer forms of rave music such as [[drum and bass]], [[2-step garage|2-step]] and [[happy hardcore]] as well as other [[Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)|hardcore techno]] genres, such as [[gabber]] and [[hardstyle]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.ishkur.com/ |title=Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music |website=Ishkur.com}}</ref>

Rave music is usually presented in a [[DJ mix]] set, although live performances are not uncommon.

Styles of music include:
*[[Breakbeat]]: Breakbeat music (or breaks for short) refers to any form of rave music with breakbeats, this may range from [[breakbeat hardcore]] to [[nu skool breaks]], including genres such as [[hardstep]] and [[breakcore]] cross over into the [[hardcore techno]] sound. Fusions of house and trance also exist but the drum 'n' bass still remains the most popular form of breakbeat played at rave parties.
*[[Drum and bass]]: Drum and bass music refers to a music genre with a very specific sound of four significant notes called breakbeat, that serves as a bassline for the song – that's why most drum and bass songs use 170 – 176 BPM, most frequently specifically 174 BPM. Drum and bass includes multiple large subgenres, those who are frequently played at raves include [[Liquid drum & bass|liquid]] (known for harmonic vocals, less aggressive bass drops and emotional atmosphere), classic dancefloor (energetic and overall positive party music, sometimes even drum and bass remixes of popular songs), [[Jump-up (drum and bass)|jump-up]] (a less complicated beat, sometimes using machine-like sounds, amplified for consumers of heavier music) and [[neurofunk]] (almost sci-fi like subgenre of a heavy and dark drum and bass, only rarely using well-known samples or even traditional music melodies).
*[[Electro (music)|Electro]]: Electro and [[techno]] are two genres which largely featured [[psychedelic music|psychedelic sounds]] and are largely considered the earliest forms of electronic dance music genres to use the term "rave music" in respect to its modern terminological use. Techno sometimes crosses boundaries with [[house music]], hence the genres [[trance music|trance]] and [[acid techno]]. [[Miami bass]] and [[crunk]] is sometimes included as "electro".
*[[Free tekno (music)|Free tekno]]: This style of electronic music started in the early 1990s and was mostly played in illegal parties hosted by [[Sound system (DJ)|sound systems]], such as Spiral Tribe, Desert Storm, Hekate, Heretik, in warehouse, dismissed buildings, or even illegal open-air festivals, called Teknivals. It takes inspiration from various other genres, and mainly focuses on quick beats, 170/200 bpm, acid bassline, mentals sounds, and often samples taken from movies, popular songs or many other different media sources.
*[[Gqom]]: Gqom music, heavily influenced by techno and [[broken beat]], features diverse rhythmic patterns,subgenres and styles. It incorporates [[Drone (sound)|drone sounds]] to create a hypnotic or trance-like effect. [[Gqom#Taxi kick|Taxi kick]] is occasionally tailored by some record producers particularly for illegal raves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collin |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03MuDwAAQBAJ&q=gqom+techno |title=Rave On: Global Adventures in Electronic Dance Music |date=2018-01-11 |publisher=Serpent's Tail |isbn=978-1-78283-145-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=N. T. S. |title=Gqom Oh! - Taxi Kick Explosion 2nd May 2020 |url=https://www.nts.live/shows/remote-utopias/episodes/gqom-oh-3rd-may-2020 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=NTS Radio |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Hardcore techno]]: Any [[hard dance]] genre that was influenced by the rave genre, usually these genres have a distorted kick drum, and a 4/4 rhythm. [[Happy hardcore]] blended the Dutch hardcore sound with [[Eurodance]] and [[bubblegum pop]], the genre (also known as "[[happycore]]" for short) featured pitched-up vocals and a less distorted 4/4 beat. [[Trancecore]] also exists and is a less vocal fusion of happy hardcore with [[trance music]], however [[hardstyle]] is a more pure form of the trance/hardcore genre since it retains the hardcore sound.
*[[House music]]: House music, especially [[acid house]], is the first genre of music to be played at the earliest raves, during the [[Second Summer of Love]]. House is a genre of [[electronic dance music]] that originated out of the 1980s African-American and Latino [[disco]] scene in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/house-music|title=House &#124; music |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=15 March 2024 }}</ref> House music uses a constant [[bass drum]] on every beat, electronic [[drum machine]] hi-hats and synth [[bassline]]s. There are many subgenres of house music (found below). Since house was originally [[club music]], there are many forms of it, some more appropriate to be played at raves than others. In the UK, subgenres such as [[UK funky]], [[speed garage]] and [[dubstep]] emerged from [[garage house]]. Many "pop house" club music producers branded themselves as "[[house music]]", however, so in rave culture it is often disputed whether pop house should be considered as a subgenre of house. "Rave house" is a subgenre label of house music that originated from the styles of house that were typically played in the rave scene of the 1993–1999 period. It is a term used by the general population who do not follow the [[House music|house]] or [[Trance music|trance]] scene specifically, but identify certain house records as "rave music". It is a loose term that generally identifies [[progressive house]], [[hard house]] or trance house styles (often instrumental with no words) that one would imagine being played at a large rave.
*[[Electronic body music|Industrial dance]]: Industrial is a [[Gothic rock|goth]]/rock/[[Punk rock|punk]] related genre. While the genre is not usually considered rave music in itself, it is often fused with rave music genres. Industrial is the origin of many sounds found in rave music; it is one of the first genres that took the sounds that are now popular in rave music such as "acid" as its musical backdrop. Industrial music fans are usually considered [[rivethead]]s and do not tend to call themselves ravers.
*[[Trance music]]: Trance music in its most popular and modern form is an offshoot of house music that originated from the [[acid house]] movement and rave scene in the late 1980s. The history of [[trance music]] is complicated to refer to, as multiple generations of listeners and musicians have influenced the genre. The term "trance" was (and still to this day by many) used interchangeably with "[[progressive house]]" in the early rave years (1990–1994).
[[Downtempo]] and less dance-oriented styles which are sometimes called [[chill-out music]], that might be heard in a rave "chill-out" room or at a rave that plays slower electronic music includes:
* [[Ambient music|Ambient]], [[Minimalist music|minimalist]] and [[computer music]] – [[Brian Eno]], [[Mike Oldfield]], [[Harold Budd]], [[ATB (DJ)|ATB]], [[the Orb]], [[Biosphere (musician)|Biosphere]]
* [[Dubstep]] and [[breakstep]] – [[Magnetic Man]], [[Eskmo (producer)|Eskmo]], and [[Burial (musician)|Burial]]
* [[Electro (music)|Electro]], [[Glitch (music)|glitch]], [[Detroit techno|techno]], [[experimental hip hop]] and [[industrial hip hop]] – [[Flying Lotus]], [[Juan Atkins]], [[MARRS]], Dopplereffekt, [[Egyptian Lover]], [[Afrika Bambaataa]], [[Techno Animal]], [[Coldcut]], [[the Glitch Mob]] and [[Kraftwerk]]
* [[Gqom#Gqom tech|Gqom tech]], [[Gqom#Sgubhu|sgubhu]]  and [[Gqom#3-Step|3-step]] – [[DJ Tira]], and [[Mr Thela]]
* [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] – [[Aphex Twin]], [[Autechre]] and [[Boards of Canada]]
* [[UK garage]] and [[Grime (music)|grime]] – [[Todd Edwards]], [[Grant Nelson (disc jockey)|Grant Nelson]], [[Sunship]], [[Wookie (musician)|Wookie]], [[So Solid Crew]], [[Roll Deep]], [[Dizzee Rascal]], [[Wiley (rapper)|Wiley]], [[Plastician]]

===Location===

[[File:OZORA Festival.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rave in Hungary in 2010, showing the fantastical thematic elements at such events]]
Raves have historically referred to grassroots organised, anti-establishment and unlicensed all‐night dance parties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Tammy L.|last2= Kavanaugh |first2=Philip R.|year=2007|title=A 'Rave' Review: Conceptual Interests and Analytical Shifts in Research on Rave Culture|journal=Sociology Compass|language=en|volume=1 |issue=2 |pages= 499–519|doi=10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00034.x|issn=1751-9020}}</ref> Prior to the commercialisation of the rave scene, when large legal venues became the norm for these events, the location of the rave was kept secret until the night of the event, usually being communicated through [[answering machine]] messages,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-39960232|title=The rave that changed the law|last=Chester |first=Jerry|date=2 May 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=27 November 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> mobile messaging, secret flyers, and websites. This level of secrecy, necessary for avoiding any interference by the police, also on account of the illicit drug use, enabled the ravers to use locations they could stay in for ten hours at a time. It promoted the sense of deviance and removal from social control.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Tammy L.|last= Anderson|title = Understanding the Alteration and Decline of a Music Scene: Observations from Rave Culture |journal =Sociological Forum|volume=24 |number=2 |year =2009|pages= 309–311|doi= 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01101.x|jstor=40210403}}</ref> In the 2000s, this level of secrecy still exists in the underground rave scene. However "after-hours" clubs, as well as large outdoor events, create a similar type of alternate atmosphere, but focus much more on vibrant visual effects, such as props and décor. In more recent years,{{When|date=November 2017}} large commercial events are held at the same locations year after year with similar reoccurring themes every year. Events like [[Electric Daisy Carnival]] and [[Tomorrowland (festival)|Tomorrowland]] are typically held at the same venue that holds mass numbers of people.

Some raves make use of [[paganism|pagan]] symbolism. Modern raving venues attempt to immerse the raver in a fantasy-like world. Indigenous imagery and spirituality can be characteristic in the Raving ethos. In both the New Moon and Gateway collectives, "pagan altars are set up, sacred images from primitive cultures decorate the walls, and rituals of cleansing are performed over the turntables and the dance floor"<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hutson | first1 = Scott R. | year = 2000 | title = The Rave: Spiritual Healing in Modern Western Subcultures | journal = Anthropological Quarterly | volume = 73 | issue = 1| pages = 40–41 | jstor=3317473}}</ref> This type of spatial strategy is an integral part of the raving experience because it sets the initial "vibe" in which the ravers will immerse themselves. This said "vibe" is a concept in the raver ethos that represents the allure and receptiveness of an environment's portrayed and or innate energy. The landscape is an integral feature in the composition of rave, much like it is in pagan rituals. For example, The Numic Ghost Dancers rituals were held on specific geographical sites, considered to hold powerful natural flows of energy. These sites were later represented in the rhythmic dances, to achieve a greater level of connectivity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Carroll | first1 = Alex K. | last2 = Zedeno | first2 = M. Nieves | last3 = Stoffle | first3 = Richard W. | year = 2004 | title = Landscape of the Ghost Dance: A Cartography of Numic Ritual | journal = Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 141–143 | jstor=20164812 | doi=10.1023/b:jarm.0000038064.42041.aa| s2cid = 55428611 }}</ref>

The [[Falls festival]] in [[Byron Bay]] features a rave party hidden behind a [[washing machine]] in a laundromat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theiconic.com.au/edition/in-case-you-missed-it-falls-festival-was-major-insider/ |title=In Case You Missed it, Falls Festival was MAJOR |date=17 January 2019 |website=Edition &#124; THE ICONIC}}</ref>

====Notable venues====
{{See also|Category:Electronic dance music venues}}

The following is an incomplete list of venues associated with the rave subculture:
{{Columns-list|colwidth=260px|rules=yes|
*Asia:
**[[AgeHa]], Japan
**[[Zouk (club)|Zouk]], Singapore and Kuala Lumpur
**[[Submerge (nightclub)|Submerge]], India
**[[Womb (nightclub)|Womb]], Japan

=====Europe=====
*Belgium:
**[[Boccaccio (nightclub)|Boccaccio]]
**[[Café d'Anvers (Club)|Café d'Anvers]]
**[[Kompass Klub]]
*Croatia:
**[[Papaya Club]]
**[[Boogaloo Club]]
*England: 
**[[Angels (nightclub)|Angels]] (1989–96)
**[[London Astoria|Astoria]]
**[[Bagleys]] (later Canvas) (1991–2007)
**[[Cream (nightclub)|Cream]] (1992–2015) 
**[[Epping Forest Country Club]]
**[[Fabric (club)|Fabric]] (1999–present)
**[[Camden Palace]] (1982–2004)
**[[Gatecrasher One]] (1996–2007)
**[[Godskitchen]] (1996)
**[[Heaven (nightclub)|Heaven]] (1979–present)
**[[Home (nightclub chain)|Home]] (1998–2001)
**[[Koko (venue)|Koko]] (2004–present)
**[[Konspiracy]] (1989–90)
**[[The Four Aces Club#Labrynth|Labrynth]] (1990–1998)
**[[Lakota (club)|Lakota]] (1990–present)
**[[Ministry of Sound]] (1991–present)
**[[Mint Club]] (1998–2019)
**[[Matter (venue)|Matter]]
**[[Megatripolis]] (1993–96)
**[[Popscene (club)|Popscene]]
**[[Quadrant Park]] (1988–91)
**[[Renaissance (club)|Renaissance]] (1992)
**[[Sanctuary Music Arena]] (1991–2004)
**[[Sankeys]] (1994–present)
**[[Shelley's Laserdome]] (1989–1995)
**[[Shoom]] (1987–1990)<ref name="mm">Matos, Michaelangelo. "[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/shoom-an-oral-history-of-the-london-club-that-kicked-off-rave-culture-195865/ Shoom: An Oral History of the London Club That Kicked Off Rave Culture]". ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', 12 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</ref>
**[[Sterns Nightclub]] (1991–1998)
**[[Brixton Academy|The Academy]] (1990–2006)
**[[The Eclipse (venue)|The Eclipse]] (later Edge) (1990–1994)
**[[The End (club)|The End]] (1995–2009)
**[[The Fridge (nightclub)|The Fridge]] (1981–2010)
**[[The Haçienda]] (1982–1997)
**[[The Zap]] (1984–2005)
**[[Thunderdome (Manchester Nightclub)|Thunderdome]] (1989–90)
**[[Trade (nightclub)|Trade]] (1990–2008)
**[[Turnmills]] (1990–2008)
**[[Vague (club)]] (1993–1996)
*France:
**[[Le Palace]]
**[[Le Queen]]
*Germany:
**[[Babalu Club]] (1990–1994)
**[[Berghain]] (2004–present)
**[[Bunker (Berlin)|Bunker]] (1992–1996)
**[[Dorian Gray (club)|Dorian Gray]] (1978–2000)
**[[E-Werk (Berlin)|E-Werk]] (1993–1997)
**[[KitKatClub]] (1994–present)
**[[KW – Das Heizkraftwerk]] (1996–2003)
**[[Natraj Temple]] (1996–2008)
**{{ill|lt=Omen|Omen (Frankfurt am Main)|de|vertical-align=sup}} (1988–1998)
**{{ill|lt=Palazzo|Palazzo (Bingen)|de|vertical-align=sup}} (1989–2003)
**{{ill|lt=Stammheim|Stammheim (Diskothek)|de|vertical-align=sup}} (1994–2002)
**[[Tresor (club)|Tresor]] (1991–present)
**{{ill|U60311|de|vertical-align=sup}} (1998–2012)
**[[Ufo (Club, Berlin)|Ufo]] (1988–1990)
**[[Ultraschall]] (1994–2003)
*Georgia:
**[[Bassiani]] (2014–present)
**[[KHIDI]]
**[[Mtkvarze]] (2012–present)
*Ireland:
**[[Sir Henry's]]
*The Netherlands:
**{{ill|iT|nl|IT (club)|vertical-align=sup}} (1989–2004)
**{{ill|RoXY|nl|vertical-align=sup}} (1987–1999)
**{{ill|Parkzicht|nl|vertical-align=sup}} (1990–1997)
*Poland:
**{{ill|Ekwador|pl|Ekwador (klub muzyczny)|vertical-align=sup}} (1998–2014, 2015–present)
*Romania:
**[https://www.clubguesthouse.ro/ Guesthouse] (1998–2014, 2015–present)
*Russia:
**[[Quadro Club (Ekaterinodar Krasnodar nightclub)|Quadro]] (1995–2004)
*Scotland:
**[[The Arches (Glasgow)|The Arches]] (1991–2015)
**[[Ayr Pavilion|Hangar 13]] (1993–95)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arlidge|first1=John|title=The day the music died, Hanger 13, Scotland's top rave venue, has been closed after three Ecstasy-related deaths.|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-day-the-music-died-1617980.html|website=independent.co.uk/|publisher=The Independent Newspaper UK|access-date=5 October 2015|date=1995-05-02}}</ref>
**[[Sub Club]] (1987–present)
**[[The Tunnel (Glasgow nightclub)|The Tunnel]] (1990–2014)
*Slovakia:
**[[Subclub]]
*Slovenia:
**[[Ambasada Gavioli]]
*Spain:
**[[Amnesia (nightclub)|Amnesia]] (1976–present)
**[[Cream (nightclub)#Cream Ibiza|Cream Ibiza]]
**[[DC10 (nightclub)|DC10]]
**[[Pacha Group]] (1967–present)
**[[Privilege Ibiza]] (1978–present)
**[[Sankeys]]
**[[Space (Ibiza nightclub)|Space Ibiza]] (1986–2016)
**[[:es:Fabrik|Fabrik]] (2003–present)
*Sweden:
**[[Docklands (Stockholm nightclub)|Docklands]] (1995–2002)
*Greece:
**[[Cavo Paradiso Club Mykonos]] (1993–present)

=====Middle East=====
*Egypt:
**[[Space Sharm]]
*Israel:
**[[Haoman 17]]
*Lebanon:
**[[B 018]]

=====North America=====
*Canada:
**[[23 Hop]] (1990–1995)
**[[Industry nightclub]] (1996–2000)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benson|first1=Denise|title=Then & Now: Industry|url=http://thenandnowtoronto.com/2014/09/then-now-industry//|publisher=Denise Benson|access-date=10 February 2021|date=21 September 2014}}</ref>
**[[Stereo nightclub]]
**[[System Soundbar]] (1999–2005)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benson|first1=Denise|title=Then & Now: System Soundbar|url=http://thenandnowtoronto.com/2014/09/then-now-system-soundbar//|publisher=Denise Benson|access-date=28 January 2021|date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
**[[The Comfort Zone (nightclub)|The Comfort Zone]] (1996–2017)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boles|first1=Benjamin|title=Leaving The Comfort Zone; Looking Back on Toronto's After-Hours Institution That Closes This Weekend|url=https://torontoist.com/2017/05/leaving-comfort-zone-looking-back-torontos-hours-institution-closes-weekend//|publisher=Buzz Connected Media Inc.|access-date=10 February 2021|date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
**[[The Guvernment]] (1996–2015)
**[[Turbo Niteclub]] (2000–2003)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benson|first1=Denise|title=Then & Now: Turbo|url=http://thenandnowtoronto.com/2014/10/then-now-turbo//|publisher=Denise Benson|access-date=4 February 2021|date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
*Mexico:
**[[Magic Circus]]
*United States:
**[[Beacham Theatre|Aahz/Beacham Theater (1988–1994)]]
**[[Catacombs Nightclub Philadelphia]] (1978–1986)
**[[Club Glow]]
**[[Club Zanzibar]] (1979–1993)
**[[Masterdome]] (1996–2001)
**[[Paradise Garage]] (1977–1987)
**[[The Saint (club)|The Saint]] (1980–1988)
**[[Shulertown (Fayetteville, AR)]] (1994–2000)
**[[Tunnel (New York nightclub)|Tunnel]] (1986–2001)
**[[Warehouse (nightclub)|Warehouse]] (1977–1987)

=====Oceania=====
*Australia:
**[[Club Filter Melbourne]]
**[[Home (nightclub chain)]]
**[[Mansion nightclub]]
**[[HellFire nightclub]]
*New Zealand:
**[[The Palladium Niteclub]]
}}

===Dancing===
{{See also|Street dance}}
[[File:T-Step.gif|thumb|right|T-step of the [[Melbourne Shuffle]]]]
A sense of participation in a group event is among the chief appeals of rave music and dancing to pulsating beats is its immediate outlet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everit, Anthony |url=http://www.gulbenkian.org.uk/pdffiles/Joining-in-text-no-photos.pdf |title=Joining In: An investigation in participatory music |quote=A rave or a rock concert is not simply a presentation which audiences attend, but a communal event (like a secular church service) in which everyone has an active part. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731195611/http://www.gulbenkian.org.uk/pdffiles/Joining-in-text-no-photos.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Turino |first=Thomas |title=Music as Social Life: The Politics of Participation |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago}}</ref> Raving in itself is a syllabus-free dance, whereby the movements are [[freestyle dance|not predefined and the dance is performed randomly]], dancers take immediate inspiration from the music, their mood and watching other people dancing. Thus, the electronic, rave and club dances, also known as Post-Internet Dances<ref>{{Cite web |last=Büschel |first=Justine |date=2019-01-21 |title=POST-INTERNET-DANCE From virtual space to reality and back again, #1 – 2019 |url=https://www.hellerau.org/en/post-internet-tanz-aus-dem-virtuellen-raum-in-die-realitaet-und-zurueck-1-2019/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=hellerau |language=en-US}}</ref> refer to the [[street dance]] styles that evolved alongside electronic music culture.

A common feature shared by all these dances, along with being originated at clubs, raves and music festivals around the world and in different years, is that when YouTube and other social media started to become popular (around 2006), these dances began to be popularised by videos of raves.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Heller |first=David Francis |title=I-Rave : digiphrenia's transformation of a culture |date=May 2014 |degree=MA |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |hdl=10125/100325 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

*[[Hakken]]
*[[Melbourne Shuffle]]  
*[[Gloving]]
*[[Glowsticking]]
*[[Jumpstyle]]
*[[Electro dance]]
*[[Rebolation]]

===Attire===
{{See also|Cybergoth|Rivethead|Phat pants|Fluffy (footwear)}}
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| caption1 = Raver with [[feather boa]] in Germany (1998)
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Since the late 1980s, rave fashion has undergone constant evolution with each new generation of ravers. Many of the rave fashion trends have appeared internationally, but there were also individual developments from region to region and from scene to scene.<ref name="redbull_rave_fashion">{{cite web|last=Bouteba |first=Miriam |url=https://www.redbull.com/ie-en/guide-to-european-rave-fashion |title=A guide to 25 years of European rave fashion |publisher=[[Red Bull]] | date=13 November 2017 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

At early rave parties, often costume-like clothes and garments with signal color look such as protective suits, [[High-visibility clothing|safety vests]], [[dust mask|dust]] and [[gas mask]]s were worn and combined with accessories such as vacuum cleaners or [[cyberpunk]] inspired [[goggles]]. Clothing with slogans such as "[[Peace Love Unity Respect|Peace, Love, Unity]]" and smiley-face T-shirts first appeared with the acid house movement of the 1980s. Further popular themes of the early rave scene were plastic aesthetics, various fetish styles, [[DIY]], 1970s, second-hand optics, retro sportswear (such as [[Adidas]] tracksuits), sex (showing much skin and nudity, e.g. wearing transparent or crop tops), war (e.g. in the form of combat boots or camouflage trousers), and science fiction.<ref name="rave_and_clubwear">{{cite web|last=Sack |first=Adriano |url=https://032c.com/rave-before-streetwear-there-was-clubwear |title=RAVE: Before Streetwear There Was Clubwear |publisher=[[032c]] | date=21 February 2019 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

Common fashion styles of the 1990s include tight-fitting nylon shirts, tight nylon quilted vests, [[bell-bottoms]], neoprene jackets, studded belts, [[platform shoe]]s, jackets, scarves and bags made of [[flokati]] fur, [[Fluffy (footwear)|fluffy boots]] and [[phat pants]], often in bright and neon colours. Also gaudy coloured hair, dreadlocks, tattoos and piercings came into fashion with ravers. Widespread accessories included wristbands and collars, [[whistle]]s, [[pacifier]]s, white gloves, [[glow stick]]s, [[feather boa]]s, oversized [[sunglasses]], and record bags made of truck tarpaulins.<ref name="spiegel_special">{{cite magazine |url=https://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/7441075 |title=Jung ist die Nacht: CLUB-TIPS |trans-title=Young is the night: club tips |magazine=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel Special]] |date=1 August 1998 |language=de |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111164157/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-7441075.html }}</ref><ref name="Muri_1999">{{cite book |last1=Muri |first1=Gabriela |title=Aufbruch ins Wunderland?: Ethnographische Recherchen in Zürcher Technoszenen 1988–1998 |trans-title=Departure into wonderland?: Ethnographic research in Zurich techno scenes 1988–1998 | publisher=Chronos Verlag |date=1999 |isbn=9783034011785 |language=de}}</ref> In the early 1990s the first commercial rave fashion trends developed from this, which were quickly taken up by the fashion industry and marketed under the term ''clubwear''.<ref name="rave_and_clubwear"/> Different dress codes also evolved in the various sub-scenes of the rave culture. For example, the typical [[gabber]] or [[psytrance]] raver dressed significantly different from "normal" ravers, but common basic features remained recognisable.

Since the 2000s, the clothing style of the rave culture remains heterogeneous, as do its followers. Particularly in North America, rave fashion continues to be characterised by colourful clothing and accessories, most notably the "kandi" jewellery that fluoresces under ultraviolet light.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} They contain words or phrases that are unique to the raver and that they can choose to trade with each other using "PLUR" (Peace, Love, Unity, Respect). This style of attire was again taken up by the fashion industry and marketed as "rave fashion" or "festival fashion", now includling all kinds of accessories to create unique looks depending on event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/the-evolution-of-rave-fashion-4391090|title=The Evolution of Rave Fashion|author=Mary Grace Cerni|work=L.A. Weekly|date=3 January 2014}}</ref> In contrast to this and starting at Berlin techno clubs like [[Berghain]] in the 2000s, a strictly black style, partly borrowed from the [[dark culture|dark scene]], has established itself within parts of the techno scene.<ref name="black_fashion">{{cite magazine |url=http://readthetrieb.com/index.php/2016/09/07/berliner-techno-szene-black-is-a-happy-color/|title=Berliner Techno Szene: Black is a happy Color! |trans-title=Berlin's techno scene: black is a happy color! |magazine=RTT magazine | date=7 September 2016 | access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> Certain rave events such as [[Sensation (event)|Sensation]] also have a strict minimalistic dress policy, either all white or black attire.

===Light shows===
{{See also|Gloving|Glowsticking|Holographic show|Laser show}}
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Some ravers participate in one of four light-oriented dances, called ''glowsticking'', ''glowstringing'', ''gloving'', and ''lightshows''. Of the four types of light-orientated dances, gloving in particular has evolved far beyond the rave culture. Other types of light-related dancing include [[LED]] lights, flash-lights and blinking strobe lights. LEDs come in various colours with different settings.
[[Gloving]] has evolved into a separate dance form that has grown exponentially in the last couple of years early 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About Gloving {{!}} Insomniac |url=https://www.insomniac.com/magazine/everything-you-need-to-know-about-gloving/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.insomniac.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Glovers use their fingers and hands to move with the beat of the music. And they use the color to create patterns and have different speed settings for the lights on their gloves.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Learn About The Gloving Movement {{!}} Rave Culture Blog |url=https://nulights.com/blogs/rave-party/learn-gloving |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=NuLights}}</ref> These components give the glove artist different ways to fascinate spectators of their light shows. The use of lights can improve the way people react during the songs or throughout the concert itself.<ref name=":1" /> Since then the culture has extended to all ages, ranging from kids in their early teens to college students and more. The traditional Rave lights are limited now, but many stores have developed newer, brighter, and more advanced version of lights with a plethora of colours and modes—modes include solid, stribbon, [[Strobe light|strobe]], dops, hyper flash, and other variations.

===Drug use===
{{See also|Club drug|Party pills}}
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Among the various elements of 1970s disco subculture that ravers drew on, in addition to basing their scene around dance music mixed by DJs, ravers also inherited the positive attitude towards using [[club drug]]s to "enhanc[e]...the sensory experience" of dancing to loud music.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0601/p2619.html|title=Club Drugs: MDMA, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol, and Ketamine|first=Paul M.|last=Gahlinger|date=1 June 2004|journal=American Family Physician|volume=69|issue=11|pages=2619–26|pmid=15202696}}</ref><ref name="mufe">{{cite book |title=Music Festivals and the Politics of Participation |last=Robinson |first=Roxy |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317091998 |page=33 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dIQWDAAAQBAJ |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The state of mind referred to as "ecstasy" (not to be confused with the slang term for [[MDMA]]) sought by ravers has been described as "a result of when various factors harmonise the ego with the other elements such as place and music and [one] enter[s] a "one state" where [they] cannot distinguish what is material or not, where things enter into syntony and constitute a unique moment, precisely the kind sought in medi[t]ation".<ref name=Coutinho>{{Cite journal | url=http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S0100-85872006000200004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en | title=From religious ecstasy to ecstasy pills: A symbolic and performative analysis of electronic music festivals| journal=Religião & Sociedade| volume=2| issue=SE| last1=Coutinho| first1=Tiago}}</ref>

However, disco dancers and ravers preferred different drugs. Whereas 1970s disco scene members preferred [[cocaine]] and the depressant/sedative [[Quaaludes]], ravers preferred MDMA, 2C-B, [[amphetamine]], and other pills. According to the FBI, raves are one of the most popular venues where [[club drugs]] are distributed, and as such feature a prominent drug subculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/clubdrugs |title=Scams & Safety {{!}} Tips for Parents: The Truth About Club Drugs |website=www.fbi.gov |access-date= 27 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329215407/https://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/clubdrugs |archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="AdlafSmart1997">{{cite journal|last1=Adlaf|first1=Edward M.|last2= Smart|first2=Reginald G.|title=Party Subculture or Dens of Doom? An Epidemiological Study of Rave Attendance and Drug Use Patterns Among Adolescent Students|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume= 29|issue=2|year=1997|pages=193–198 |issn=0279-1072 |doi= 10.1080/02791072.1997.10400187|pmid=9250946|citeseerx=10.1.1.563.3586}}</ref> Club drugs include [[MDMA]] (more commonly known as "ecstasy", "E" or "molly"), [[2C-B]] (more commonly known as "nexus"), [[amphetamine]] (commonly referred to as "speed"), [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] (commonly referred to as "fantasy" or "liquid E"), [[cocaine]] (commonly referred to as "coke"), [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (commonly referred to as "lucy" or "acid").<ref name="CMAJ 2000">{{cite journal |last=Weir |first=Erica |date=June 2000 |title=Raves: a review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm |url=https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/162/13/1843.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Canadian Medical Association Journal|CMAJ]] |publisher=[[Canadian Medical Association]] |volume=162 |issue=13 |pages=1843–1848 |eissn=1488-2329 |issn=0820-3946 |lccn=87039047 |pmc=1231377 |pmid=10906922 |s2cid=10853457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628204824/https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/162/13/1843.full.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm">{{cite journal |last1=Larive |first1=Lisa L. |last2=Romanelli |first2=Frank |last3=Smith |first3=Kelly M. |date=June 2002 |title=Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate |journal=[[American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy]] |publisher=[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=1067–1076 |doi=10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1067 |eissn=1535-2900 |issn=1079-2082 |oclc=41233599 |pmid=12063892 |s2cid=44680086|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="AANA 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Mary |last2=Kramer |first2=Frances |date=February 2004 |title=Rave drugs: pharmacological considerations |url=https://www.aana.com/docs/default-source/aana-journal-web-documents-1/61-67.pdf |url-status=live |journal=AANA Journal |publisher=[[American Association of Nurse Anesthetists]] |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=61–67 |issn=0094-6354 |pmid=15098519 |s2cid=41926572 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817012105/https://www.aana.com/docs/default-source/aana-journal-web-documents-1/61-67.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Subst. Use Misuse">{{cite journal |last1=Degenhardt |first1=Louisa |last2=Copeland |first2=Jan |last3=Dillon |first3=Paul |year=2005 |title=Recent trends in the use of "club drugs": an Australian review |journal=[[Substance Use & Misuse]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=40 |issue=9–10 |pages=1241–1256 |doi=10.1081/JA-200066777 |eissn=1532-2491 |issn=1082-6084 |lccn=2006268261 |pmid=16048815 |s2cid=25509945}}</ref><ref name="Hum. Exp. Toxicol.">{{cite journal |last1=Avrahami |first1=Beni |last2=Bentur |first2=Yedidia |last3=Halpern |first3=Pinchas |last4=Moskovich |first4=Jenny |last5=Peleg |first5=Kobi |last6=Soffer |first6=Dror |date=April 2011 |title=Morbidity associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: a survey of emergency department admissions |journal=[[Human & Experimental Toxicology]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1177/0960327110370984 |eissn=1477-0903 |issn=0960-3271 |lccn=90031138 |pmid=20488845 |bibcode=2011HETox..30..259H |s2cid=30994214}}</ref>

"[[Poppers]]" is the street name for [[alkyl nitrites]] (the most well-known being [[amyl nitrite]]), which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects, notably the "rush" or "high" they can provide. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, which led to the nickname "poppers." The drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, synthetic [[phenethylamines]] such as [[2C-I]], [[2C-B]] and [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]] have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature (and their chemical relationship with [[MDMA]]).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/2ci|work = Advice |publisher = BBC|title =2C-I|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121112214041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/2ci |archive-date = 12 November 2012}}</ref> By late 2012, derivates of the [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] 2C-X drugs, the [[NBOMe]]s and especially [[25I-NBOMe]], had become common at raves in Europe. In the U.S., some law enforcement agencies have branded the subculture as a [[Recreational drug use|drug-centric]] culture, as rave attendees have been known to use drugs such as [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[2CB|2C-B]], and [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Since the early 2000s, [[medical professional]]s have acknowledged and addressed the problem of the increasing consumption of [[alcoholic drinks]] and club drugs (such as [[MDMA]], [[cocaine]], [[rohypnol]], [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]], [[ketamine]], [[Phencyclidine|PCP]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]]) associated with [[rave culture]] among adolescents and young adults in the Western world.<ref name="CMAJ 2000"/><ref name="Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm"/><ref name="AANA 2004"/><ref name="Subst. Use Misuse"/><ref name="Hum. Exp. Toxicol."/> Studies have shown that adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Palamar JJ, Acosta P, Le A, Cleland CM, Nelson LS |date=November 2019 |title=Adverse drug-related effects among electronic dance music party attendees |journal=International Journal of Drug Policy |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=73 |pages=81–87 |doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.005 |issn=1873-4758 |pmc=6899195 |pmid=31349134 |s2cid=198932918}}</ref> and the consumption of club drugs is highly associated with the presence of [[criminal behavior]]s and recent [[alcohol abuse]] or [[Alcohol dependence|dependence]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Li-Tzy |last2=Schlenger |first2=William E. |last3=Galvin |first3=Deborah M. |date=September 2006 |title=Concurrent Use of Methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, Ketamine, GHB, and Flunitrazepam among American Youths |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=102–113 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.01.002 |issn=0376-8716 |pmc=1609189 |pmid=16483730 |s2cid=24699584}}</ref> In May 2007, Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]], advocated drug testing on highways as a countermeasure against drug use at raves.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2007-05-10_2.html |url-status=live |title=UN drugs chief calls for introduction of drug testing to help curb substance abuse |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=10 May 2007 |website=unodc.org |location=Istanbul |publisher=[[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217224546/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2007-05-10_2.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>
Much of the controversy, [[moral panic]], and law enforcement attention directed at rave culture and its association with drug use may be due to reports of drug overdoses (particularly MDMA) at raves, concerts, and festivals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Armenian |author2=Mamantov |author3=Tsutaoka |author4= Gerona |author5=Silman |author6=Wu |author7=Olson |title=Multiple MDMA (Ecstasy) Overdoses at a Rave Event-A Case Series |journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=252–258 |year=2012 |doi=10.1177/0885066612445982|pmid=22640978 |citeseerx=10.1.1.668.2071 |s2cid=26074659 }}</ref>