Editing Quercus rubra (section)

===Pests and diseases===
Canker pathogen, ''[[Diplodia corticola]],'' has become a major pathogen to the species over the last decade, causing leaf browning, bark cracking and bleeding, and high rates of tree mortality across the northeastern United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Top|first1=Sara M.|last2=Preston|first2=Caroline M.|last3=Dukes|first3=Jeffrey S.|last4=Tharayil|first4=Nishanth|date=2017|title=Climate Influences the Content and Chemical Composition of Foliar Tannins in Green and Senesced Tissues of Quercus rubra|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|language=en|volume=8|pages=423|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00423|pmid=28559896|pmc=5432568|issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The northern red oak is also characterized as one of the most susceptible species to plant fungi ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' and ''[[Phytophthora ramorum]],'' which have caused severe, red-black cankers in the trunk region of the species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marĉais|first1=B.|last2=Dupuis|first2=F.|last3=Desprez-Loustau|first3=M. L.|date=1996-06-01|title=Susceptibility of the Quercus rubra root system to Phytophthora cinnamomi; comparison with chestnut and other oak species|journal=European Journal of Forest Pathology|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=133–143|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0329.1996.tb00718.x|s2cid=83704321 |issn=1439-0329|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02080860/file/1996-Etiorac_Pcin-ForPath.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bergot|first=Magali|date=2004|title=Simulation of potential range expansion of oak disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi under climate change|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=10|issue=9|pages=1539–1552|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00824.x|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02080793/file/2004-GCB-Bergot%26al.pdf|bibcode=2004GCBio..10.1539B|s2cid=85844009}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Davidson|first1=J. M.|last2=Werres|first2=S.|last3=Garbelotto|first3=M.|last4=Hansen|first4=E. M.|last5=Rizzo|first5=D. M.|title=Sudden Oak Death and Associated Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum|url=http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/php/elements/sum.aspx?id=2808&photo=1618|journal=Plant Health Progress|volume=4|pages=12|doi=10.1094/php-2003-0707-01-dg|year=2003|issue=1 |bibcode=2003PlaHP...4...12D |archive-date=2020-01-11|access-date=2018-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111095033/http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/php/elements/sum.aspx?id=2808&photo=1618|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both ''P. cinnamomi'' and ''P. ramorum'' grow under warmer temperature conditions; as a result, northern red oak trees found in California, France, and northern Spain all have a higher incidence of fungal infection.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marcais|first=B|date=June 1995|title=Modelling the influence of winter frosts on the development of the stem canker of red oak, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi|url=https://www.afs-journal.org/articles/forest/pdf/1996/02/AFS_0003-4312_1996_53_2-3_ART0019.pdf|journal= Annales des Sciences Forestières|volume=53|issue=2–3|pages=369–382|doi=10.1051/forest:19960219|doi-access=free}}</ref>  Oak Wilt caused by the fungus [[Oak wilt|''Bretziella fagacearum'']] is a major pathogen found in eastern North America that can kill trees quickly.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sudden Oak Death|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38ZWkUOqnrYC&pg=PP2|year=2002|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northeastern Area|pages=2–}}</ref>

There has been a recent northern red oak decline in Arkansas which is “unique in that it is associated with increases in red oak borer” (Enaphalodes rufulus) which “is native to the eastern United States and usually occurs in mixed oak forests”. “It damages the phloem, sapwood, and heartwood which means the ability for growth and repair is attacked as well as the stability of the tree”.<ref>Haavik, L. J., Stephen, F. M., Fierke, M. K., Salisbury, V. B., Leavitt, S. W., & Billings, S. A. (2008). Dendrochronological parameters of northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae)) infested with red oak borer ( Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)). Forest Ecology and Management, 255(5), 1501–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.005</ref>