Editing Quebec City (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Québec City – Boulevard Champlain - Le Fleuve Saint-Lorent - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|The Promontory of Quebec at the narrowing of the Saint Lawrence River and surrounded by the [[Laurentian Mountains]]]]

Quebec City was built on the north bank of the [[Saint Lawrence River]], where it narrows and meets the mouth of the [[Saint-Charles River (Quebec City)|Saint-Charles River]]. [[Old Quebec]] is located on top and at the foot of [[Cap Diamant|Cap-Diamant]], which is on the eastern edge of a [[plateau]] called the [[promontory of Quebec]] (Quebec hill). Because of this topographic feature, the oldest and most urbanized borough of [[La Cité-Limoilou]] can be divided into upper and lower town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geological Survey of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0N_uGojlOoC&pg=PA63 |title=The 1988 Saguenay Earthquake – a Site Visit Report |date=1999 |page=63}}</ref> North of the hill, the [[Saint Lawrence Lowlands]] is flat and has rich, arable soil. Past this valley, the [[Laurentian Mountains]] lie to the north of the city but its [[foothills]] are within the municipal limits.

The [[Plains of Abraham]] are located on the southeastern extremity of the plateau, where [[Fortifications of Quebec|high stone walls]] were integrated during colonial days. On the northern foot of the promontory, the lower town neighbourhoods of [[Saint-Roch, Quebec City|Saint-Roch]] and [[Saint-Sauveur, Quebec City|Saint-Sauveur]], traditionally working class,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stelter |first=Gilbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZRE9gaBnvAC&pg=PA163 |title=Shaping the Urban Landscape: Aspects of the Canadian City-Building Process |date=1982 |publisher=McGill Queen University Press |isbn=9780773584860 |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028235552/https://books.google.com/books?id=bZRE9gaBnvAC&pg=PA163 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> are separated from uptown's Saint-Jean-Baptiste and {{ill|Saint-Sacrement|fr|Saint-Sacrement (quartier)}} by a woody area attested as {{ill|Coteau Sainte-Geneviève|fr|Coteau Sainte-Geneviève}}.

The area was affected by the [[1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake]].

The [[List of regions of Quebec#Administrative Regions|administrative region]] in which it is situated is officially referred to as [[Capitale-Nationale]],<ref>Décret concernant la révision des limites des régions administratives du Québec, R.Q. c. D-11, r.2, made pursuant to the Territorial Division Act, R.S.Q. c. D-11</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Québec Portal > Portrait of Québec > Administrative Regions > Regions |url=http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/regions/description/?lang=en#03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201034242/http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/regions/description/?lang=en#03 |archive-date=1 February 2009 |access-date=13 May 2009}}</ref> and the term "national capital" is used to refer to Quebec City itself at the provincial level.<ref name="CanLII">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2009 |title=An Act respecting the National capital commission, R.S.Q. c. C-33.1 |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-c-33.1/latest/rsq-c-c-33.1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506073634/http://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-c-33.1/latest/rsq-c-c-33.1.html |archive-date=6 May 2010 |access-date=13 May 2009 |publisher=CanLII}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main article|Climate of Quebec City}}
[[File:Château Frontenac after a freezing rain day in Quebec city.jpg|thumb|left|Winter scene at the [[Château Frontenac]]]]

Quebec City is classified as a [[hemiboreal]] [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]] ''Dcbc'').<ref name="Peel">{{Cite journal |last1=Peel, M. C. |last2=Finlayson, B. L. |last3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2012 |access-date=10 February 2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Quebec City experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, with periods of hotter temperatures which compounded with the high humidity, create a high heat index that belies the average high of {{convert|22|-|25|C}} and lows of {{Convert|11|-|13|C}}. Winters are cold, windy and snowy with average high temperatures {{Convert|-5|to|-8|C}} and lows {{convert|-13|to|-18|C}}. Spring and fall, although short, bring chilly to warm temperatures. Late heat waves as well as "[[Indian summer]]s" are a common occurrence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://time.com/archive/6775810/canada-indian-summer/ |title=Canada: Indian Summer |website=Time}}</ref>

On average, Quebec City receives {{convert|1190|mm|2}} of precipitation, of which {{convert|899|mm|2}} is rain and {{convert|303|mm|2}} is the melt from {{convert|316|cm|1}} of snowfall per annum.{{efn|Although snow is measured in cm the melted snow (water equivalent) is measured in mm and added to the rainfall to obtain the total precipitation. An approximation of the water equivalent can be made by dividing the snow depth by ten. Thus {{convert|1|cm|1|abbr=on}} of snow is equivalent to approximately {{convert|1|mm|2|abbr=on}} of water. See [[snow gauge]],<ref>[http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/prods_servs/normals_documentation_e.html#ND2 Rainfall, Snowfall, and Precipitation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228044057/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/prods_servs/normals_documentation_e.html |date=28 December 2012 }}</ref> and<ref>[http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/A192EDCE-8394-4662-BE0F-AAD3E32F23E9%5CMANOBS7A17_e.pdf MANOBS 7th Edition Amendment 17]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>}} The city experiences around 1,916 hours of bright sunshine annually or 41.5% of possible sunshine, with summer being the sunniest, but also slightly the wettest season. During winter, snow generally stays on the ground from the end of November till mid-April.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Quebec City was {{convert|36.1|C}} on 17 July 1953.<ref name="July 1953">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2011 |title=Daily Data Report for July 1953 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-06-01%7C1959-02-28&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1959-12-01&StationID=5249&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=1930&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=8&txtStationName=quebec&timeframe=2&Year=1953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185758/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-06-01%7C1959-02-28&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1959-12-01&StationID=5249&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=1930&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=8&txtStationName=quebec&timeframe=2&Year=1953 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |website=Canadian Climate Data |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-36.7|C}} on 10 January 1890 and 14 January 2015.<ref name="January 1890">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2011 |title=Daily Data Report for January 1890 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-06-01%7C1959-02-28&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1959-12-01&StationID=5249&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=1930&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=8&txtStationName=quebec&timeframe=2&Year=1890 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163141/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-06-01%7C1959-02-28&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1959-12-01&StationID=5249&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=1930&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=8&txtStationName=quebec&timeframe=2&Year=1890 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |website=Canadian Climate Data |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref><ref name="January 2015">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2011 |title=Daily Data Report for January 2015 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2005-03-24%7C2016-07-07&dlyRange=1992-12-04%7C2016-07-06&mlyRange=1998-01-01%7C2016-03-01&StationID=26892&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=4&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=1&txtStationName=quebec&timeframe=2&Year=2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816171831/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2005-03-24%7C2016-07-07&dlyRange=1992-12-04%7C2016-07-06&mlyRange=1998-01-01%7C2016-03-01&StationID=26892&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=4&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=1&txtStationName=quebec&timeframe=2&Year=2015 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=8 July 2016 |website=Canadian Climate Data |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref>

{{Quebec City weatherbox}}

===Boroughs and neighbourhoods===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2016}}
[[File:Quebec Arrondissements.svg|thumb|Map of the six boroughs that make up Quebec City]]

On 1 January 2002, the 12 former towns of [[Sainte-Foy, Quebec City|Sainte-Foy]], [[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]], [[Charlesbourg, Quebec City|Charlesbourg]], [[Sillery, Quebec City|Sillery]], [[Loretteville, Quebec City|Loretteville]], [[Val-Bélair, Quebec City|Val-Bélair]], [[Cap-Rouge, Quebec City|Cap-Rouge]], [[Saint-Émile, Quebec City|Saint-Émile]], [[Vanier, Quebec City|Vanier]], [[L'Ancienne-Lorette]], [[Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures]] and [[Lac-Saint-Charles, Quebec City|Lac-Saint-Charles]] were annexed by Quebec City. This was one of several [[municipal reorganization in Quebec|municipal mergers]] which took place across Quebec on that date. Following a demerger referendum, L'Ancienne-Lorette and Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures were reconstituted as separate municipalities on 1 January 2006, but the other former municipalities remain part of Quebec City. On 1 November 2009, Quebec City re-organized its boroughs, reducing the number from 8 to 6.<ref name="nouveauDécoupage">{{Cite web |title=Nouveau découpage des arrondissements - Modifications territoriales |url=http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/temp/modifications_arrondissements/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925182848/http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/temp/modifications_arrondissements/index.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2009 |website=www.ville.quebec.qc.ca |publisher=Ville de Québec |language=fr}}</ref><!-- Definitely correct, but I unfortunately couldn't find a better reference for this. The announcement seems to be gone from the city's website. Chealer 20121208 -->

Quebec City's six [[borough]]s ({{langx|fr|arrondissements}}) are further divided into 35 neighbourhoods ({{langx|fr|quartiers}}).<ref name="carte10jan2011">{{Cite map |url=http://clubdimension.org/docs/KINOMADA/Ville_quartiers_arrondissements.pdf |title=Les arrondissements et leurs quartiers |trans-title=The boroughs and their quarters |last1=Rainville |first1=Candide |author2=Service de l'ingénierie. Division de l'arpentage et de la cartographie. Ville de Québec |date=10 January 2011 |website=clubdimension.org |language=fr |format=PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105091049/http://clubdimension.org/docs/KINOMADA/Ville_quartiers_arrondissements.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> In most cases, the name of the latter remained the same as the historical [[List of towns in Quebec|town]] ({{langx|fr|ville}}) or [[Types of municipalities in Quebec#Local municipalities|parish municipality]] it replaced. Neighbourhoods each elect their own council, whose powers rest in [[public consultation]]s.

Compared to many other cities in North America, there is less variation between average household incomes between the neighbourhoods. However, some disparities exist. The southwest former cities of [[Sillery, Quebec City|Sillery]], [[Cap-Rouge, Quebec City|Cap-Rouge]] and [[Sainte-Foy, Quebec City|Sainte-Foy]] are considered to be the wealthiest, along with some parts of Montcalm and Old Quebec.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.areavibes.com/qu%C3%A9bec-qc/most-expensive-neighborhoods/ |title=Most Expensive Neighborhoods In Québec, QC |website=Areavibes}}</ref>

The city's traditional working-class areas are found in the lower town below Old Quebec (Saint-Sauveur and Saint-Roch) and directly across the [[Saint-Charles River (Quebec City)|Saint-Charles River]] to the north (Vanier and Limoilou). However, parts of Limoilou, Saint-Sauveur and particularly Saint-Roch have seen [[gentrification]] in the last 20 years, attracting young professionals and the construction of new offices and condos.<ref name="cbd" />
[[File:Québec City - Saint Louis - panoramio (cropped).jpg|North-east aerial view from the Quebec Bridge area. The foreground shows the Sainte-Foy neighbourhood of Saint-Louis and the modern buildings of boulevard Laurier.|thumb]]
Northern sections (Loretteville, Val-Bélair) and eastern sections (Beauport, Charlesbourg) are mostly a mix of middle-class residential suburbs with industrial pockets.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|''Boroughs'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''Neighbourhoods''
|-
| 1 [[La Cité-Limoilou]]
|''La Cité'': 1-1 [[Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire]] · 1-2 [[Saint-Roch, Quebec City|Saint-Roch]] · 1-3 Saint-Jean-Baptiste · 1-4 [[Montcalm, Quebec City|Montcalm]] · 1-5 [[Saint-Sauveur, Quebec City|Saint-Sauveur]] · 1-6 [[Saint-Sacrement, Quebec City|Saint-Sacrement]] · ''Limoilou'': 6-1 [[Vieux-Limoilou]] · 6-2 [[Lairet]] · 6-3 [[Maizerets]]
|-
| 2 [[Les Rivières (Quebec City)|Les Rivières]]
|2-1 [[Neufchâtel-Est–Lebourgneuf]] · 2-2 [[Duberger-Les Saules]] · 2-3 [[Vanier, Quebec City|Vanier]]
|-
| 3 [[Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge]]
|3-1 [[Sillery, Quebec City|Sillery]] · 3-2 [[Cité universitaire, Quebec City|Cité universitaire]] · 3-3 [[Saint-Louis, Quebec City|Saint-Louis]] · 3-4 [[Plateau, Quebec City|Plateau]] · 3-5 [[Pointe-de-Ste-Foy, Quebec|Pointe-de-Ste-Foy]] 8-2 · [[L'Aéroport, Quebec City|L'Aéroport]] · 8-3 [[Cap-Rouge, Quebec City|Cap-Rouge]]
|-
| 4 [[Charlesbourg, Quebec City|Charlesbourg]]
|4-1 [[Notre-Dame-des-Laurentides]] · 4-2 Quartier 4-2 · 4-3 Quartier 4-3 · 4-4 [[Jésuites, Quebec City]] · 4-5 Quartier 4-5 · 4-6 Quartier 4–6
|-
| 5 [[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]]
| 5-1 Quartier 5-1 · 5-2 Quartier 5-2 · 5-3 [[Chutes-Montmorency, Quebec City|Chutes-Montmorency]] · 5-4 Quartier 5-4 · 5-5 [[Vieux-Moulin, Quebec City|Vieux-Moulin]]
|-
| 7 [[La Haute-Saint-Charles]]
|7-1 [[Lac-Saint-Charles, Quebec City|Lac-Saint-Charles]] · 7-2 [[Saint-Émile, Quebec City|Saint-Émile]] · 7-3 [[Loretteville, Quebec City|Loretteville]] · 7-4 [[Des Châtels, Quebec City|Des Châtels]] · 8-1 [[Val-Bélair, Quebec City|Val-Bélair]]
|}