Editing Psychosomatic medicine (section)

==History==
In the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]] the Persian psychologist-[[Islamic medicine|physicians]] [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]] (d. 934) and [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi|Haly Abbas]] (d. 994) developed an early model of illness that emphasized the interaction of the mind and the body. He proposed that a patient's [[physiology]] and [[psychology]] can influence one another.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nurdeen D, Mansor AT | year = 2005 | title = Mental health in Islamic medical tradition | journal = The International Medical Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 76–79 }}</ref>

Contrary to [[Hippocrates]] and [[Galen]], [[Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi]] did not believe that mere regulation and modulation of the body tempers and medication would remedy mental disorders because words play a vital and necessary role in [[emotional regulation]]. To change such behaviors, he used techniques, such as belief altering, regular musing, rehearsals of experiences, and imagination.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors = Goli F, Zanjani HA |title=Development of Psychosomatic Medicine in Iran |date=2020 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-27080-3_24 |work=Psychosomatic Medicine |pages=315–322 | veditors = Fritzsche K, McDaniel SH, Wirsching M |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27080-3_24 |isbn=978-3-030-27079-7 |s2cid=214208574 |access-date=2023-01-31 }}</ref>

In the beginnings of the 20th century, there was a renewed interest in psychosomatic concepts. Psychoanalyst [[Franz Alexander]] had a deep interest in understanding the dynamic interrelation between mind and body.<ref name= "psydis">{{cite book | vauthors = Asaad G | title = Psychosomatic Disorders: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects| publisher = Brunner-Mazel|year=1996| pages = X, 129–130 | isbn = 978-0-87630-803-5}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]] pursued a deep interest in psychosomatic illnesses following his correspondence with [[Georg Groddeck]] who was, at the time, researching the possibility of treating physical disorders through psychological processes.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors =  Erwin E | title = The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy and Culture| publisher =  Routledge|year=2002| pages = 245–246 | isbn = 978-0-415-93677-4}}</ref> [[Hélène Michel-Wolfromm]] applied psychosomatic medicine to the field of gynecology and sexual problems experienced by women.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Michel-Wolfromm H |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1024703426 |title=Gynecologie psychosomatique |date=1964 |publisher=Masson et Cie. |location=Paris VI |language=French |oclc=1024703426}}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Thure von Uexküll]] and his colleagues in [[Germany]] and elsewhere proposed a [[biosemiotics|biosemiotic]] theory (the [[umwelt]] concept) that was widely influential as a theoretical framework for conceptualizing mind-body relations.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kull K, Hoffmeyer J |date=2005-12-31 |title=Thure von Uexküll 1908–2004 |url=https://ojs.utlib.ee/index.php/sss/article/view/SSS.2005.33.2.13 |journal=Sign Systems Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.12697/SSS.2005.33.2.13 |issn=1736-7409|doi-access=free }}</ref> This model shows that life is a meaning or functional system. Farzad Goli further explains in ''Biosemiotic Medicine'' (2016),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Partridge GW | title = Books: ''Biosemiotic Medicine: Healing in the World of Meaning (Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality)'': A Paradigm Shift in Biology | journal = The British Journal of General Practice | volume = 67 | issue = 656 | pages = 130 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28232356 | pmc = 5325648 | doi = 10.3399/bjgp17X689761 }}</ref> how signs in the form of matter (e.g., atoms, molecules, cells), energy (e.g., electrical signals in nervous system), symbols (e.g., words, images, machine codes), and reflections (e.g., mindful moments, metacognition) can be interpreted and translated into each other.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Fritzsche K, Goli F, Dobos CM  | chapter = What Is Psychosomatic Medicine? |date=2020 | title = Psychosomatic Medicine: An International Guide for the Primary Care Setting |pages=3–16 | veditors = Fritzsche K, McDaniel SH, Wirsching M |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27080-3_1 |isbn=978-3-030-27080-3 }}</ref>

[[Henri Laborit]], one of the founders of modern neuropsychopharmacology, carried out experiments in the 1970s that showed that illness quickly occurred when there was inhibition of action in rats. Rats in exactly the same stressful situations but whom were not inhibited in their behavior (those who could flee or fight—even if fighting is completely ineffective) had no negative health consequences.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kunz E | title = Henri Laborit and the inhibition of action | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 113–117 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24733976 | pmc = 3984888 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.1/ekunz }}</ref> He proposed that psychosomatic illnesses in humans largely have their source in the constraints that society puts on individuals in order to maintain hierarchical structures of dominance. The film ''[[My American Uncle]]'', directed by [[Alain Resnais]] and influenced by Laborit, explores the relationship between self and society and the effects of the inhibition of action.

In February 2005, the Boston Syndromic Surveillance System detected an increase in young men seeking medical treatment for [[stroke]].  Most of them did not actually experience a stroke, but the largest number presented a day after [[Tedy Bruschi]], a local sports figure, was hospitalized for a stroke. Presumably they began misinterpreting their own harmless symptoms, a group phenomenon now known as Tedy Bruschi syndrome.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Jangi S | date = 11 October 2017 | url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2017/10/11/why-hard-track-source-food-poisoning-outbreak/6RD8EJru631SldqXHFx9mK/story.html | title = Why is it so hard to track the source of a food poisoning outbreak? | work = Boston Globe }}</ref>

Robert Adler is credited with coining the term Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) to categorize a new field of study also known as mind-body medicine. The principles of mind-body medicine suggest that our mind and the emotional thoughts we produce have an incredible impact on our physiology, either positive or negative.

PNI integrates the mental/psychological, nervous, and immune system, and these systems are further linked together by ligands, which are hormones, neurotransmitters and peptides. PNI studies how every single cell in our body is in constant communication—how they are literally having a conversation and are responsible for 98% of all data transferred between the body and the brain.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Hrsto V |url=https://www.vesnahrsto.com/biography-becomes-biology/|title=When your biography becomes your biology|date=2014-09-16|website=Vesna Hrsto|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>

Dr. Candace Pert, a professor and neuroscientist who discovered the opiate receptor, called this communication between our cells the ‘Molecules of Emotion' because they produce the feelings of bliss, hunger, anger, relaxation, or satiety. Dr. Pert maintains that our body is our subconscious mind, so what is going on in the subconscious mind is being played out by our body.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors =  Pert P |url=http://candacepert.com/|title=Explorer of the Brain, Bodymind & Beyond|website=Candace Pert, PhD|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>