Editing Psychedelic drug (section)

===Medical===
{{Main|Psychedelic therapy}}

Psychedelic therapy (or psychedelic-assisted therapy) is the proposed use of psychedelic drugs to treat [[mental disorder]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David |last2=Spriggs |first2=Meg |last3=Erritzoe |first3=David |date=2023-02-01 |title=Psychedelics therapeutics: What we know, what we think, and what we need to research |journal=Neuropharmacology |volume=223 |pages=109257 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109257 |issn=0028-3908|doi-access=free |pmid=36179919 }}</ref> As of 2021, psychedelic drugs are controlled substances in most countries and psychedelic therapy is not legally available outside clinical trials, with some exceptions.<ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021"/><ref name="pilecki-et-al-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pilecki |first1=Brian |last2=Luoma |first2=Jason B. |last3=Bathje |first3=Geoff J. |last4=Rhea |first4=Joseph |last5=Narloch |first5=Vilmarie Fraguada |title=Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy |journal=Harm Reduction Journal |date=2021 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=40 |doi=10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1 |pmid=33827588 |pmc=8028769 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The procedure for psychedelic therapy differs from that of therapies using conventional [[psychiatric medication]]s. While conventional medications are usually taken without supervision at least once daily, in contemporary psychedelic therapy the drug is administered in a single session (or sometimes up to three sessions) in a therapeutic context.<ref name="nutt-et-al-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David |last2=Erritzoe |first2=David |last3=Carhart-Harris |first3=Robin |title=Psychedelic Psychiatry's Brave New World |journal=Cell |date=2020 |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=24–28 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020 |pmid=32243793|s2cid=214753833 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The therapeutic team prepares the patient for the experience beforehand and helps them integrate insights from the drug experience afterwards.<ref name="johnson-et-al-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=M. W. |last2=Richards |first2=W. A. |last3=Griffiths |first3=R. R. |title=Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |date=2008 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=603–620 |doi=10.1177/0269881108093587 |pmid=18593734 |pmc=3056407}}</ref><ref name="garcia-romeu-richards-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Garcia-Romeu |first1=Albert |last2=Richards |first2=William A. |title=Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |date=2018 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=291–316 |doi=10.1080/09540261.2018.1486289 |pmid=30422079 |s2cid=53291327 |issn=0954-0261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bathje |first1=Geoff J. |last2=Majeski |first2=Eric |last3=Kudowor |first3=Mesphina |date=2022-08-04 |title=Psychedelic integration: An analysis of the concept and its practice |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=English |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824077 |doi-access=free |pmid=35992410 |pmc=9386447 |issn=1664-1078}}</ref> After ingesting the drug, the patient normally wears eyeshades and listens to music to facilitate focus on the psychedelic experience, with the therapeutic team interrupting only to provide reassurance if adverse effects such as anxiety or disorientation arise.<ref name="johnson-et-al-2008"/><ref name="garcia-romeu-richards-2018"/>

As of 2022, the body of high-quality evidence on psychedelic therapy remains relatively small and more, larger studies are needed to reliably show the effectiveness and safety of psychedelic therapy's various forms and applications.<ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022" /><ref name="reiff-et-al-2020" /> On the basis of favorable early results, ongoing research is examining proposed psychedelic therapies for conditions including [[major depressive disorder]],<ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022" /><ref name="romeo-et-al-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Romeo |first1=Bruno |last2=Karila |first2=Laurent |last3=Martelli |first3=Catherine |last4=Benyamina |first4=Amine |title=Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |date=2020 |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1079–1085 |doi=10.1177/0269881120919957 |pmid=32448048|s2cid=218873949 }}</ref> and [[anxiety]] and depression linked to [[terminal illness]].<ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022" /><ref name="schimmel-et-al-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Schimmel |first1=Nina |last2=Breeksema |first2=Joost J. |last3=Smith-Apeldoorn |first3=Sanne Y. |last4=Veraart |first4=Jolien |last5=van den Brink |first5=Wim |last6=Schoevers |first6=Robert A. |title=Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=2022 |volume=239 |issue=15–33 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y |pmid=34812901|s2cid=244490236 |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/d86d811c-a066-4d34-bc83-df904e91a765 }}</ref> The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] has granted [[breakthrough therapy]] status, which expedites the assessment of promising drug therapies for potential approval, to psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder.<ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021" />

It has been proposed that psychedelics used for therapeutic purposes may act as [[active placebo|active]] "super [[placebo]]s".<ref name="DupuisVeissière2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dupuis D, Veissière S | title = Culture, context, and ethics in the therapeutic use of hallucinogens: Psychedelics as active super-placebos? | journal = Transcult Psychiatry | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–578 | date = October 2022 | pmid = 36263513 | doi = 10.1177/13634615221131465 | url = }}</ref><ref name="vanElkYaden2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Elk M, Yaden DB | title = Pharmacological, neural, and psychological mechanisms underlying psychedelics: A critical review | journal = Neurosci Biobehav Rev | volume = 140 | issue = | pages = 104793 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 35878791 | doi = 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104793 | url = | quote = In addition, the strong prior expectations that many people have about psychedelics directly contribute to the psychedelic experience and as a consequence it has been suggested that psychedelics may act as a ‘super-placebo’ (Hartogsohn, 2016). Specifically, strong prior expectations (e.g., that a specific intervention will likely trigger a mystical experience) will increase the likelihood of having e.g., a mystical-type experience (Maij et al., 2019), and this placebo-effect is further boosted by the psychedelic-induced suggestibility. | hdl = 1887/3515020 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>