Editing Princeton University (section)

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Woodrow Wilson 1902 cph.3b11773.jpg|alt=A portrait of Woodrow Wilson as president of Princeton|left|thumb|[[Woodrow Wilson]], President of Princeton University (1902–10) and 28th [[president of the United States]]]]
Following Patton's resignation, [[Woodrow Wilson]], an alumnus and popular professor, was elected the 13th president of the university.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Wilson">{{cite web|title=Woodrow Wilson|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/wilson/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627221344/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/wilson/index.html|archive-date=June 27, 2021|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=96}} Noticing falling academic standards, Wilson orchestrated significant changes to the curriculum, where freshman and sophomores followed a unified curriculum while juniors and seniors concentrated study in one discipline.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=513}} Ambitious seniors were allowed to undertake independent work, which would eventually shape Princeton's emphasis on the practice for the future.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=104}} Wilson further reformed the educational system by introducing the preceptorial system in 1905,{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=513}} a then-unique concept in the United States that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Griffin|first1=Nathaniel|date=April 1910|title=The Princeton Preceptorial System|url=|journal=The Sewanee Review|volume=18|issue=2|pages=169–176|jstor=27532370}}</ref> The changes brought about many new faculty and cemented Princeton's academics for the first half of the 20th century.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=107}} Due to the tightening of academic standards, enrollment declined severely until 1907.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=513}} In 1906, the reservoir [[Lake Carnegie]] was created by [[Andrew Carnegie]],{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=268–269}} and the university officially became [[nonsectarian]].{{Sfn|Axtell|2006|p=330}} Before leaving office, Wilson strengthened the science program to focus on "pure" research and broke the Presbyterian lock on the board of trustees.<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Wilson" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heckscher|first=August|url=https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilson00heck/mode/2up|title=Woodrow Wilson: A Biography|publisher=Macmillan|year=1991|isbn=978-0-684-19312-0|location=New York|page=155}}</ref> However, he did fail in winning support for the permanent location of the Graduate School and the elimination of the eating clubs, which he proposed replacing with quadrangles, a precursor to the residential college system.{{Sfn|Axtell|2006|p=1}} Wilson also continued to keep Princeton closed off from accepting Black students.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Reilly|first=Kenneth|date=1997|title=The Jim Crow Policies of Woodrow Wilson|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963252|journal=[[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]]|publisher=The JBHE Foundation, Inc|issue=17|pages=117–121|doi=10.2307/2963252|jstor=2963252|access-date=July 20, 2021|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721163714/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2963252|url-status=live|issn = 1077-3711}}</ref> When an aspiring Black student wrote a letter to Wilson, he got his secretary to reply telling him to attend a university where he would be more welcome.{{Sfn|Bradley|2010|p=112}}

[[John Grier Hibben]] became president in 1912, and would remain in the post for two decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Hibben|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/hibben/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628004116/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/hibben/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> On October 2, 1913, the [[Princeton University Graduate College]] was dedicated.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=268–269}} When the United States entered [[World War I]] in 1917, Hibben allocated all available University resources to the government. As a result, military training schools opened on campus and laboratories and other facilities were used for research and operational programs. Overall, more than 6,000 students served in the armed forces, with 151 dying during the war.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=252–253}} After the war, enrollment spiked and the trustees established the system of selective admission in 1922.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=117–118}} From the 1920s to the 1930s, the student body featured many students from preparatory schools, zero Black students, and dwindling Jewish enrollment because of quotas.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=119}} Aside from managing Princeton during WWI, Hibben introduced the senior thesis in 1923 as a part of The New Plan of Study.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=253–254}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=122}} He also brought about great expansion to the university, with the creation of the School of Architecture in 1919, the School of Engineering in 1921, and the School of Public and International Affairs in 1930.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=254}} By the end of his presidency, the endowment had increased by 374 percent, the total area of the campus doubled, the faculty experienced impressive growth, and the enrollment doubled.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=254–255}}{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=122}}

Hibben's successor, [[Harold W. Dodds|Harold Willis Dodds]] would lead the university through the [[Great Depression]], [[World War II]], and the [[Korean War|Korean Conflict]].<ref name="Princeton-Presidents-Dodds">{{cite web|title=Harold Dodds|url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/dodds/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628205941/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/dodds/index.html|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=The Presidents of Princeton University}}</ref> With the Great Depression, many students were forced to withdraw due to financial reasons.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=123}} At the same time, Princeton's reputation in physics and mathematics surged as many European scientists left for the United States due to uneasy tension caused by [[Nazi Germany]].{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=125}} In 1930, the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] was founded to provide a space for the influx of scientists, such as [[Albert Einstein]].{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=125–126}} Many Princeton scientists would work on the [[Manhattan Project]] during the war,{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=127}} including the entire physics department.{{Sfn|Oberdorfer|1995|p=164}} During World War II, Princeton offered an accelerated program for students to graduate early before entering the armed forces.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=138}} Student enrollment fluctuated from month to month, and many faculty were forced to teach unfamiliar subjects. Still, Dodds maintained academic standards and would establish a program for servicemen, so they could resume their education once discharged.{{Sfn|Leitch|1978|p=138–139}}