Editing Posthumanism (section)

=== Non-technological posthumanism ===
While posthumanization has links with the scholarly methodologies of posthumanism, it is a distinct phenomenon. The rise of explicit posthumanism as a scholarly approach is relatively recent, occurring since the late 1970s;<ref name="Ferrando 2013"/><ref name="Herbrechter 2013" /> however, some of the processes of posthumanization that it studies are ancient. For example, the dynamics of ''non-technological'' posthumanization have existed historically in all societies in which animals were incorporated into families as [[Pet|household pets]] or in which [[ghosts]], [[monster]]s, [[angel]]s, or semidivine [[Greek hero cult|heroes]] were considered to play some role in the world.<ref name="Graham 2002">{{cite book|title=Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture|last1=Graham|first1=Elaine|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=0-8135-3058-X|location=Manchester}}</ref><ref name="Herbrechter 2013">{{cite book|title=Posthumanism: A Critical Analysis|last1=Herbrechter|first1=Stefan|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-7809-3690-1|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Gladden 2018" />

Such non-technological posthumanization has been manifested not only in mythological and literary works but also in the construction of [[temple]]s, [[Cemetery|cemeteries]], [[zoo]]s, or other physical structures that were considered to be inhabited or used by quasi- or para-human beings who were not natural, living, biological human beings but who nevertheless played some role within a given society,<ref name="Herbrechter 2013" /><ref name="Gladden 2018" /> to the extent that, according to philosopher [[Francesca Ferrando]]: "the notion of [[spirituality]] dramatically broadens our understanding of the posthuman, allowing us to investigate not only technical technologies (robotics, cybernetics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, among others), but also, technologies of existence."<ref Name="Ferrando 2016">{{cite book | last = Ferrando | first = Francesca |editor1= Banerji, Debashish | title = Critical Posthumanism and Planetary Futures | edition = 1st| publisher = Springer  | location = New York | isbn = 9788132236375 | year = 2016 | pages = 243–256 | chapter = Humans Have Always Been Posthuman: A Spiritual Genealogy of the Posthuman | chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/31138169 |  access-date=2018-08-08 | display-editors=etal}}</ref>