Editing Pope Urban VIII (section)

===Activities===
[[File:Dankaerts-Historis-9264.tif|thumb|left|Engraving of Pope Urban VIII]]
Urban VIII's papacy covered 21 years of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), and was an eventful one, even by the standards of the day.

Despite an early friendship and encouragement for his teachings, Urban VIII was responsible for summoning the scientist and astronomer [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] to Rome in 1633 to recant his work. Urban VIII was opposed to [[Copernican heliocentrism]] and he ordered [[Galileo affair|Galileo's second trial]] after the publication of ''[[Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems]]'', in which Urban's point of view is argued by the character "Simplicio".

Urban VIII practiced [[nepotism]] on a grand scale; various members of his family were enormously enriched by him, so that it seemed to contemporaries as if he were establishing a [[Barberini]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxlcmvbhn/urban-viii-barberini-rome.html |title=Urban Viii - Barberini and Rome |access-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721003916/http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxlcmvbhn/urban-viii-barberini-rome.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 }}</ref> He elevated his brother [[Antonio Marcello Barberini]] (Antonio the Elder) and then his nephews [[Francesco Barberini (seniore)|Francesco Barberini]] and [[Antonio Barberini]] (Antonio the Younger) to [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]. He also bestowed upon their brother, [[Taddeo Barberini]], the titles ''Prince of [[Palestrina]]'', [[Gonfalonier of the Church]], [[Prefect|Prefect of Rome]] and ''Commander of [[Castel Sant'Angelo|Sant'Angelo]]''. Historian [[Leopold von Ranke]] estimated that during his reign, Urban VIII's immediate family amassed 105 million [[scudi]] in personal wealth.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesth0301rank ''History of the popes; their church and state (Volume III)''] by Leopold von Ranke ([[Wellesley College]] Library, reprint; 2009)</ref>

Urban VIII was a skilled writer of Latin verse, and a collection of [[Bible|scriptural]] paraphrases as well as original hymns of his composition have been frequently reprinted.

The 1638 papal bull ''Commissum Nobis'' protected the existence of [[Jesuit]] [[Mission (Christian)|missions]] in [[South America]] by forbidding the enslavement of natives who were at the [[Jesuit Reductions]].{{sfn|Mooney|1910}}<ref>Joel S. Panzer, ''The Popes and Slavery'', Staten Island, New York, Society of St. Paul, 1996, pp.89-91.</ref> At the same time, Urban VIII repealed the Jesuit monopoly on missionary work in [[China]] and [[Japan]], opening these countries to missionaries of other orders and missionary societies.<ref name= "van Helden" >{{cite web| title=The Galileo Project.| publisher=Rice University| first=Al| last=van Helden| year=1995| url=http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/urban_viii.html| access-date=7 September 2007}}</ref>

In response to complaints in the [[Diocese of Seville]], Urban VIII issued the letter ''Cum Ecclesiae'', dated 30 January 1642, that made use of [[tobacco]] in holy places punishable by excommunication.{{sfn|Buescher|2017}} While often described as a papal bull, the document was not filed as such and was more than likely an [[encyclical]]; [[Pope Benedict XIII]] eventually abrogated the tobacco ban, preferring other methods to ensuring the cleanliness of church facilities.{{sfn|The Popes and Tobacco|1910|pp=612–613}}

====Canonizations and beatifications====
Urban VIII canonized five saints during his pontificate: [[Stephen Harding]] (1623), [[Elizabeth of Portugal]] and [[Conrad of Piacenza]] (1625), [[Peter Nolasco]] (1628), and [[Andrew Corsini|Andrea Corsini]] (1629). The pope also beatified 68 individuals, including the [[26 Martyrs of Japan|Martyrs of Nagasaki]] (1627). He also issued the [[papal bull]]s of canonization for [[Ignatius of Loyola]] (founder of the [[Society of Jesus]], "Jesuits") and [[Francis Xavier]] (also a Jesuit), who had been canonized by his predecessor, Pope Gregory XV.

====Canonical coronation====
[[File:La Madonna della Febbre San Pietro Vaticano.jpg|thumb|upright|The icon of the La Madonna della Febbre which was crowned in 1631 making it as the first Marian image to receive a [[Canonical coronation|pontifical coronation]].]]
Pope Urban VIII is also known as the first pope who granted a [[canonical coronation]] towards a Marian icon. The first icon that was crowned was the La Madonna della Febbre which is enshrined at the sacristy of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. The coronation took place on 1631 making it as the first coronation in the world.

====Consistories====
{{main|Cardinals created by Urban VIII}}
[[File:Pietro da Cortona - Portrait of Urban VIII (ca. 1624-1627) - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Urban VIII by [[Pietro da Cortona]], {{circa|1624–7}}]]
The pope created 74 cardinals in eight consistories throughout his pontificate, and this included his nephews [[Francesco Barberini (1597–1679)|Francesco]] and [[Antonio Barberini|Antonio]], cousin [[Lorenzo Magalotti (cardinal)|Lorenzo Magalotti]], and the pope's own brother [[Antonio Marcello Barberini|Antonio Marcello]]. He also created Giovanni Battista Pamphili as a cardinal, with Pamphili becoming his immediate successor, [[Pope Innocent X]]. The pope also created eight of those cardinals whom he had reserved ''[[in pectore]]''.

====Policy on private revelation====
In the papal bull ''[[Sanctissimus Dominus Noster]]'' of 13 March 1625, Urban instructed Catholics not to venerate the deceased or represent them in the manner of saints without Church sanction. It required a bishop's approval for the publication of private revelations. Since the nineteenth century, it has become common for books of popular devotion to carry a disclaimer. One read in part: "In obedience to the decrees of Urban the Eighth, I declare that I have no intention of attributing any other than a purely human authority to the miracles, revelations, favours, and particular cases recorded in this book..."<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0fqKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 | access-date = 30 November 2017 | title= Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture |first=Diana | last = Walsh Pasulka | publisher = Oxford University Press | date= 2015| page=127| isbn = 9780195382020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=283| title = Religious Transformations in the Early Modern Americas | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ6qBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 | editor-first1=Stephanie |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first2= Sarah |editor-last2= Rivett | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | date= 2014 |first=David A. |last= Boruchoff | chapter = Martín de Murúa, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, and the Contested Uses of Saintly Models in Writing Colonial American History| isbn = 9780812290288 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= Mary Fabyan | last= Windeatt | publisher = TAN Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O7XHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 | title = Saint Benedict: The Story of the Father of the Western Monks | date= 2013| isbn= 9781618904614 }}</ref>