Editing Pope Pius XII (section)

===Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo===
[[File:Correio da Manhã AN 448.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Secretary of State Pacelli with Brazilian president [[Getúlio Vargas]] (at Pacelli's right shoulder) and other dignitaries in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 1934]]
Pacelli was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio]] on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI, and within a few months, on 7 February 1930, Pius XI appointed him [[Cardinal Secretary of State]], responsible for foreign policy and state relations throughout the world. In 1935, Pacelli was named [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]].

As Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed concordats with a number of countries and states. Immediately on becoming Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli and Ludwig Kaas took up negotiations on a [[Concordats with individual states of Germany|Baden Concordat]] which continued until the spring and summer of 1932. Papal fiat appointed a supporter of Pacelli and his concordat policy, [[Conrad Gröber]], the new [[Archbishop of Freiburg]], and the treaty was signed in August
1932.<ref>Kent, 2002, p. 24</ref> Others followed: [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]] (1933), Germany (1933), [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (1935) and Portugal (1940). The [[Lateran treaties]] with [[Fascist Italy|Italy]] (1929) were concluded before Pacelli became Secretary of State. Catholicism had become the sole recognized religion; the powerful democratic [[Italian People's Party (1919)|Catholic Popular Party]], in many ways similar to the Centre Party in Germany, had been disbanded, and in place of political Catholicism the Holy See encouraged [[Catholic Action]]. It was permitted only so long as it developed "its activity outside every political party and in direct dependence upon the Church hierarchy for the dissemination and implementation of Catholic principles".<ref>Cornwell, p. 115</ref> Such concordats allowed the Catholic Church to organize youth groups, make ecclesiastical appointments, run schools, hospitals, and charities, or even conduct religious services. They also ensured that [[canon law]] would be recognized within some spheres (e.g., church decrees of [[Nullity (conflict)|nullity]] in the area of marriage).<ref>Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (trans.) (2005). ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity''; {{ISBN|0-8028-2416-1}}</ref>

As the decade began Pacelli wanted the Centre Party in Germany to turn away from the socialists. In the summer of 1931 he clashed with Catholic Chancellor [[Heinrich Brüning]], who frankly told Pacelli he believed that he "misunderstood the political situation in Germany and the real character of the Nazis".<ref>Cornwell, p. 121</ref> Following Brüning's resignation in May 1932 Pacelli, like the new Catholic chancellor [[Franz von Papen]], wondered if the Centre Party should look to the Right for a coalition, "that would correspond to their principles".<ref>Cornwell, p. 128. Pacelli, quoted in Scholder's ''The Churches and the Third Reich'', p. 157</ref> He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an [[Eugenio Pacelli's 1936 visit to the United States|extensive visit to the United States in 1936]] where he met President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who appointed a personal envoy—who did not require Senate confirmation—to the [[Holy See]] in December 1939, re-establishing a diplomatic tradition that had been broken since 1870 when the Pope lost [[Temporal power (Papal)|temporal power]].<ref>Dalin, 2005, pp. 58–59</ref>

[[File:Pacelli in Argentina 01.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A smiling Pacelli with Argentine president [[Agustín P. Justo]]]]

Pacelli presided as [[Papal Legate]] over the [[International Eucharistic Congress]] in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina on 10–14 October 1934, and in [[Budapest]] on 25–30 May 1938.<ref>Marchione, 2002, p. 22</ref> At this time, [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] laws were in the process of being formulated in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)|Hungary]]. Pacelli made reference to the Jews "whose lips curse [Christ] and whose hearts reject him even today".<ref>''Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues: Religion, theology, and the Holocaust'', [[Donald J. Dietrich]], p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003; {{ISBN|0-8156-3029-8}}</ref>{{Disputed inline|Alleged reference|date=April 2022}} This traditional adversarial relationship with Judaism would be reversed in ''[[Nostra aetate]]'' issued during the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref>''A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations'', Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, p. 86, Cambridge University Press, 2005; {{ISBN|0-521-82692-6}}</ref> According to [[Joseph Bottum (author)|Joseph Bottum]], Pacelli in 1937 "warned A. W. Klieforth, that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] was 'an untrustworthy scoundrel and fundamentally wicked person', to quote Klieforth, who also wrote that Pacelli 'did not believe Hitler capable of moderation, and ... fully supported the German bishops in their anti-Nazi stand'. This was matched with the discovery of Pacelli's [[anti-Nazi]] report, written the following year for President Roosevelt and filed with Ambassador [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], which declared that the church regarded compromise with the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] as 'out of the question'."<ref name="bottum">Joseph Bottum. April 2004. [http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/12/001-the-end-of-the-pius-wars-1 "The End of the Pius Wars"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610005209/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/12/001-the-end-of-the-pius-wars-1 |date=10 June 2011 }}, ''First Things''; retrieved 1 July 2009.</ref>

Historian Walter Bussmann argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at the time<ref>Phayer, 2000, p. 3</ref>—from condemning the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in November 1938,<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Bussmann |first1 = Walter |year = 1969 |title = Pius XII an die deutschen Bischöfe |journal = Hochland |volume = 61 |pages = 61–65}}</ref> when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin.<ref name="gutman1136">Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1136</ref>

The draft [[encyclical]] ''[[Humani generis unitas]]'' ("On the Unity of the Human Race") was ready in September 1938 but, according to those responsible for an edition of the document<ref>Passelecq, Suchecky pp. 113–137</ref> and other sources, it was not forwarded to the Holy See by the Jesuit General [[Wlodimir Ledóchowski]].<ref name="tablet">Hill, Roland. 1997, 11 August. [http://www.thetablet.co.uk/articles/6576/ "The lost encyclical"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630070259/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/articles/6576/ |date=30 June 2017 }}, ''The Tablet''.</ref><ref>On 28 January 1939, eleven days before the death of Pius XI, a disappointed Gundlach informed LaFarge, the encyclical's author, "It cannot go on like this". The text had not been forwarded to the Vatican. He had talked to the American assistant to Father General, who promised to look into the matter in December 1938, but did not report back. Passelecq, Suchecky. p. 121</ref> The draft encyclical contained an open and clear condemnation of [[colonialism]], racial persecution and [[antisemitism]].<ref name="tablet"/><ref>Humani generis unitas</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/nostra_aetate.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4|title=Nostra aetate: Transforming the Catholic-Jewish Relationship: Jewish-Catholic Relationship Transformed|publisher=Adl.org|access-date=6 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030133305/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/nostra_aetate.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> Historians Passelecq and Suchecky have argued that Pacelli learned about the existence of the draft only after the death of Pius XI and did not promulgate it as Pope.<ref>On 16 March four days after coronation, Gundlach informed LaFarge that the documents had been given to Pius XI shortly before his death, but that the new Pope had so far had no opportunity to learn about it. Passelecq, Suchecky. p. 126</ref> He did use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'', which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society".<ref>Encyclical of Pope Pius on the unity of human society to our venerable brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries in peace and the communion with the Apostolic see (AAS 1939).</ref> His various positions on church and policy issues during his tenure as Cardinal Secretary of State were made public by the Holy See in 1939. Most noteworthy among the 50 speeches is his review of Church-State issues in Budapest in 1938.<ref>Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli. ''Discorsi E Panegirici 1931–1938''; Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1939</ref>

A year before his papal election, on 26 January 1938, the Cardinal Secretary of State officiated at the baptism of the [[Infante of Spain|Infante]] [[Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos]] ([[King of Spain]] from 1975 to 2014), in a ceremony held at the [[Palazzo Malta]] in [[Rome]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 January 2023 |title=85 años del bautizo de Juan Carlos de Borbón (y el tenso reencuentro de los reyes Alfonso XIII y Victoria Eugenia) |url=https://www.revistavanityfair.es/articulos/alfonso-xiii-victoria-eugenia-bautizo-juan-carlos-i |access-date=17 November 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=es-ES}}</ref>