Editing Pope Lucius II (section)

===Emergence of the Roman Commune===
{{see|Commune of Rome}}
This surrender on the part of Lucius II gave an opportunity for members of the [[Roman Senate]] to reassert their ancient independence and authority and to erect a [[revolutionary republic]] at [[Rome]] which sought to deprive the pope of his temporal power. The principal groups involved in this movement were the merchants and artisans, while the urban nobility kept their neutrality.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/>

The Senate, which practically took all temporal power from the pope during the pontificate of Innocent II, had been managed with considerable skill and firmness by Lucius at the beginning of his pontificate, convincing many senators to either leave the [[Capitoline Hill]] or to lay down their [[magisterium]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 117">Mann, pg. 117</ref> Now, encouraged by Lucius II's defeat, the Senate, led by [[Giordano Pierleoni]], brother of the former [[Antipope Anacletus II]], rebelled against Lucius II, driving out the papal prefects<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> and establishing the [[Commune of Rome]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 117"/> They demanded the pope abandon all governmental duties, and that he would retain only ecclesiastical taxes and voluntary tributes.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> The Senate took over powers to elect magistrates and strike its own coinage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Popes: A History|last=NORWICH|first=JOHN JU|date=2012|publisher=Vintage|isbn=9780099565871|location=London|language=English}}</ref> At first, Lucius asked for Roger II's aid, but Roger, still annoyed that Lucius had not fully recognised his kingship, withheld his assistance.<ref name="Levillain, pg. 960"/> Lucius then turned for help to [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad]], [[King of the Romans]],<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92"/> and on December 1144 wrote to him pleading for military assistance against the Senate and the [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|Patrician]] Giordano Pierleoni.<ref name="Mann, pg. 117"/> Lucius was supported by [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], who also wrote to Conrad, asking for him to intervene.<ref name="Mann, pg. 118">Mann, pg. 118</ref>

While waiting for Conrad's reply, Lucius decided to take matters into his own hands.<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92"/> Turning to the Roman aristocracy, in particular the [[Frangipani family]], he gave them the fortress of the [[Circus Maximus]] on 31 January 1145, allowing them complete control of the southern portion of the [[Palatine Hill]].<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/> The [[Roman Forum]] had become a battleground, and the confusion prevented Lucius from travelling to the [[Aventine Hill]] to [[ordain]] the [[abbot]] of [[San Saba, Rome|San Saba]] on 20 January 1145.<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/>

Finally, Lucius marched against the Senatorial positions on the Capitol with a small army. He was driven back by Giordano,<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/> and according to [[Godfrey of Viterbo]], he was seriously injured during this battle (by a thrown stone).<ref name="Mann, pg. 118"/> He did not recover from his injuries and died on 15 February 1145<ref name="Thomas, pg. 92"/> at [[San Gregorio Magno al Celio]], where he was under the protection of the neighbouring Frangipani fortress.<ref name="Mann, pg. 119"/>

Lucius II was buried at [[St John Lateran]] in the circular portico behind the apse.<ref name="Mann, pg. 119"/> His [[heraldic badge]] was a [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] of argent, with a bear rampant of proper sable.<ref>Mann, pg. 113</ref>