Editing Pope John XXII (section)

=== Conflict with Louis IV ===
[[File:Ludovico il Bavaro.jpeg|thumb|Emperor Louis IV]]
Prior to John XXII's election, a contest had begun for the Holy Roman Empire's crown between [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV the Bavarian]] and [[Frederick the Fair|Frederick I of Austria]].{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=69}} Initially, John was neutral and refrained from being an arbiter.{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=69}} On 25 November 1314, Louis, with the votes from five of the seven electors, was crowned king of the Germans at [[Aachen]], by the archbishop of Mainz, while Frederick received only two votes the day before.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=34}} In response, in April 1317, John imposed a new concept, ''vacante imperio'', granting the power to administer the empire to the pope,{{sfn|Wilks|2008|p=255}} which was contained within the papal bull ''Si fratrum''.{{sfn|Scott|2016|p=57}}

By 1322, faced with a growing Ghibelline movement in northern Italy, John had instructed his papal legate, Bertrand du Poujet, to call for a crusade against Milan.{{sfn|Beattie|2007|p=26}} Louis, acting with Imperial powers, sent an army to reinforce Milan in early 1323.{{sfn|Partner|2022|p=316}} In response, John detailed violations committed by Louis and upon receiving no response excommunicated him on 23 March 1324 and then deposed him on 11 July.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=35}} Louis called a council of Italian [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Ghibellines]] to Trent, where Louis declared his support for the Spiritualist Franciscans and denounced John as an illegitimate and heretical pope.{{sfn|Burr|2001|p=276}}{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=35}} John retaliated by declaring any city to offer Louis welcome would be placed under [[interdict]].{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=35}} He received an embassy from Rome which issued an ultimatum of either returning to Rome or suffering the Holy City's submission to Louis IV.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=35}} John sent his papal legate, Giovanni Orsini, to Rome, but Orsini was denied entry.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=35}} In reprisal, Orsini placed Rome under interdict.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=35}}

Louis entered Rome on 17 January 1328.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=36}} In St. Peter's cathedral, he was consecrated by two sympathetic cardinal bishops, and crowned by Rome's representative, Sciarra della Colonna.{{sfn|Cassell|2004|p=36}} Pietro Rainalducci{{efn|Associate Professor of Medieval History, Irene Bueno, and Professor Emeritus of History, David Burr both state it was Peter of Corbara that became Nicholas V{{sfn|Bueno|2015|p=263}}{{sfn|Burr|2001|p=277}}}} was created [[Antipope Nicholas V]] in May 1328, by Louis.{{sfn|Williams|1998|p=44}} In response, John, using the death of archbishop Matthias von Buchegg to gain an ecclesiastical and political edge, appointed [[Heinrich von Virneburg]] as [[Elector of Mainz|Archbishop of Mainz]] to assist in the struggle against the Emperor.{{sfn|Pfeil|1910|pp=1–2}} Following Louis's coronation of Nicholas V, Franciscan Minister General Michael Cesena, Bonagrazia Bergamo, and William of Ockham all fled Avignon.{{sfn|Ocker|2022|p=120}} In 1330, Antipope Nicholas V submitted just before the Pope's death.{{sfn|Duval-Arnould|2002|p=1040}}