Editing Pope Innocent V (section)

===Papacy: January—June, 1276===

====Papal conclave====
{{Main|Papal conclave, January 1276}}
After the required ten days had passed, the Cardinals assembled on the Vigil of St. Agnes (20 January) to hear the customary Mass of the Holy Spirit. There were twelve cardinals present.<ref>Eubel I, p. 9 n.4; Sternfeld, 241.  [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276.html Sede Vacante and Conclave, January 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).]</ref>  Two cardinals, Simon de Brion, who was Papal Legate in France, and Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, did not attend.<ref>Eubel suggests, p. 9, n.4, that a third cardinal might not have attended. He indicates it might have been Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi.</ref> The next morning, 21 January, Cardinal Peter of Tarantaise was the unanimous choice of the electors, on the first ballot (scrutiny).<ref>Peter of Tarantaise, Innocent V, remarks on the event in his Electoral Manifesto, ''Nuper Sanctae'' (A. Tomassetti, ''Bullarium Romanum ''Turin edition Vol. IV, pp. 35-36).</ref>  He was the first Dominican to become Pope. He chose the pontifical name of "Innocent".   His decision was to be crowned in Rome, which had not seen a pope since the departure of Gregory X in the third week of June, 1272.  By 7 February the Papal Curia had reached Viterbo. King Charles of Naples rode up to Viterbo to meet the new Pope and escort him to Rome.<ref>Paul Durrieu, ''Les archives angevines de Naples'' II (Paris 1887), p. 180.  On 4 January the King was at Frosinone; on 5 January he was at Viterbo.  On 8 January he was in Rome, where he stayed until 6 February.  He is attested at Viterbo on 9 February, and on February 10 he was back in Rome, where he stayed continually until July.</ref>  On 22 February 1276, the Feast of S. Peter's Chair, Pope Innocent was crowned in the Vatican Basilica by Cardinal [[Pope Nicholas III|Giovanni Gaetano Orsini]].

====Actions and policies====

On 2 March 1276, Pope Innocent granted [[Charles I of Naples|King Charles I of Naples]] the privilege of retaining the Senatorship of Rome, the government of the city, and the Rectorship of Tuscia.<ref>Augustinus Theiner (editor), ''Codex Diplomaticus dominii temporalis S. Sedis''  I (Rome 1861), p. 197 no. 349.</ref> In a letter of 4 March, the Pope testifies that King Charles had sworn fealty for the Kingdom of Naples and of Sicily.<ref>Augustus Potthast, ''Regesta pontificum Romanorum'' II (Berlin 1875), no. 21104.</ref>  On 9 March, he wrote to Rudolf, King of the Romans, begging him not to come to Italy, and if he had already started his journey, to break it off, until an agreement between him and the Papacy could be finalized. This meant that Rudolf's coronation, which had been agreed to by Gregory X, would not take place immediately. On 17 March he wrote again to Rudolf, advising him to meet the papal nuncios, and that, in their negotiations, he should by no means introduce the topic of the Exarchate of Ravenna, the Pentapolis, and the Romandiola.  This looked like extortion. The French Innocent's favoritism toward King Charles, the brother of Louis IX and uncle of Philip III, and his harshness toward Rudolf was beginning to change the balance of power in Italy once more and was pointing in the direction of war. Pope Gregory's efforts to bring about peace had been ruined.<ref>Ferdinand Gregorovius, ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages''  V. 2 (London 1906),  pp. 473-474.  J.N.D. Kelly, "Innocent V," ''The Oxford Dictionary of Popes'' (Oxford 1986), p. 199. Ghislain Brunel, p. 794.</ref>

On the 26th he ordered the Bishops of Parma and Comacchio to see to it that Boniface de Lavania (Lavagna) be installed as Archbishop of Ravenna, as Pope Gregory X had decided.<ref>Potthast, nos. 21113-21114.  Gregory's appointment:  nos. 21066-21068 (4 September 1275).</ref>  Innocent was able to arrange a peace treaty between Genoa and Naples, which was signed on 18 June 1276.<ref>Brunel, p. 794.</ref>

On 18 May 1276, Pope Innocent V notified King Philip III of France that he had appointed his friend Fr. Guy de Sully, OP, the Dominican Provincial of Paris (a post that Innocent himself had held until 1272, when he was appointed Archbishop of Lyon), to the see of Bourges.<ref>Potthast, no. 21131.</ref>
 
A noteworthy feature of his brief pontificate was the practical form assumed by his desire for reunion with the [[Eastern Church]]. He wrote to [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], the [[Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine emperor]], informing him of the death of Gregory X, and apologizing for the fact that the Emperor's representatives, George, the Archdeacon of Constantinople,<ref>Marie-Hyacinthe Laurent, ''Georges le Métochite, ambassadeur de Michel VIII paléologue auprès du B.Innocent V''  (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1946).</ref> and Theodore, the Dispensator of the Imperial Curia, had not yet been released to return to Constantinople. He was proceeding to send legates to [[Michael VIII Palaeologus|the Emperor]] in connection with the recent decisions of the [[Second Council of Lyons]], hoping to broker a peace between Constantinople and King Charles I of Naples.<ref>Potthast, no. 21136.</ref>  King Charles, however, was interested in conquest, not in concord.  Innocent was interested in sending people to negotiate the reunion.  He appointed Fr. Bartolommeo, O.Min., of Bologna, a [[Doctor of Biblical Studies|Doctor of Sacred Scripture]], to travel to the East, but he ordered him to come to Rome first, so that a suitable suite could be chosen for him.<ref>Potthast, nos. 21136-21145.</ref>

Death intervened.  Pope Innocent V died at [[Rome]] on 22 June 1276, after a reign of five months and one (or two) days.  He was buried in the [[Archbasilica of St. John Lateran|Lateran Basilica]], in a magnificent tomb built by King Charles.  Unfortunately, the tomb was destroyed by the two fourteenth century fires at the Basilica, in 1307 and 1361.<ref>Potthast, p. 1708.</ref>

Innocent V had created no new cardinals at all, and therefore the participants at the Conclave of July 1276, were the same as in January.  King Charles, however, was in Rome the entire time, and was in the position as Senator of Rome, to be the Governor of the Conclave.  His wishes could not be ignored.

====Writings====

Pope Innocent V was the author<ref>Jacobus Quetif and Jacobus Echard,  ''Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum recensiti''  Tomus I (Paris 1719),  pp. 351-354.</ref> of several works of philosophy, theology, and [[canon law]],<ref>L.J. Bataillon, "Nouveaux témoins des questions "De lege et praeceptis" de Pierre de Tarentaise," ''Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum'' 35 (1965), pp. 325-33.</ref> including commentaries on the [[Pauline epistles]],<ref>W. Affeldt, ''Die weltliche Gewalt in der Paulus-Exegese. Römer. 13, 1-7 in den Römerbriefkommentaren der lateinischen Kirche bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts'' (Göttingen 1969), pp. 212-18, 278-79.</ref> and on the ''[[Sentences]]''<ref>B. Smeraldo, ''Intorno all'opuscolo IX di san Tommaso d'Aquino. Pietro da Tarantasia ha errato in teologia? (Roma 1945).''  O. Lottin, "À propos du Commentaire des Sentences de Pierre de Tarentaise," ''Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale'' 13 (1946), pp. 86-98.  E. Marchisa, "Saggio sull'antropologia filosofica di Pietro da Tarentaise (Beatus Innocentius V) nel commento alle "Sentenze" di Pier Lombardo," ''Divus Thomas. Commentarium de Philosophia et Theologia'' 71 (1968), pp. 210-70.</ref> of [[Peter Lombard]]. He is sometimes referred to as ''famosissimus doctor''.

====Beatification====
[[Pope Leo XIII]] beatified  Innocent V on 14 March 1898, on account of his reputation for holiness. The cause for his canonization was formally opened on 25 May 1943.<ref name="index">{{cite book |title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum |date=January 1953 |publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis |page=99 |language=Latin}}</ref>