Editing Pope Innocent IV (section)

==After Lyon==

The council's acts inflamed the political conflict across Europe. The tension subsided only with Frederick's death in December 1250: this removed the threat to Innocent's life and allowed his return to Italy. He departed Lyon on 19 April 1251 and arrived in Genoa on 18 May. On 1 July, he was in Milan, accompanied by only three cardinals and the [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]]. He stayed there until mid-September, when he began an inspection tour of Lombardy, heading for Bologna. On 5 November he reached Perugia. From 1251 to 1253 the Pope stayed at [[Perugia]] until it was safe for him to bring the papal court back to Rome. He finally saw Rome again in the first week of October 1253. He left Rome on 27 April 1254, for Assisi and then Anagni. He immediately dealt with the succession to the possessions of Frederick II, both as German Emperor and as King of Sicily. In both instances, Innocent continued Pope Gregory IX's policy of opposition to the Hohenstaufen, supporting whatever opposing party  could be found. This policy embroiled Italy in one conflict after another for the next three decades. Innocent IV himself, following the papal army which was seeking to destroy Frederick's son Manfred, died in Naples on 7 December 1254.

While in Perugia, on 15 May 1252, Innocent IV issued the [[papal bull]] ''[[Ad extirpanda]]'', composed of thirty-eight 'laws'. He advised civil authorities in Italy to treat heretics as criminals, and authorized torture as long as it was done "without killing them or breaking their arms or legs" to compel disclosures,  "as thieves and robbers of material goods are made to accuse their accomplices and confess the crimes they have committed."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Innocentius IV |title=1243-1254 – SS Innocentius IV – Bulla 'Ad_Extirpanda' [AD 1252-05-15] |url=https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01p/1252-05-15,_SS_Innocentius_IV,_Bulla_'Ad_Extirpanda',_EN.pdf |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Documenta Catholica Omnia}}</ref><ref>A. Tomassetti (editor), ''Bullarum, Diplomatum, et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Taurensis editio'' Tomus III (Turin 1858), pp. 552–558, no. XXVII.</ref>

[[File:C o a Adriano V.svg|upright|right|thumb|Innocent IV (1243–1254) was probably the first pope who used [[Papal coats of arms|personal arms]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Michel Pastoureau | title=Traité d'Héraldique | edition=3<sup>e</sup> édition | publisher=Picard | year=1997 | isbn=978-2-7084-0520-2 | page=49}}</ref>]]