Editing Pope Clement VII (section)

====Statesmanship====
While Cardinal Giulio was not officially appointed Vice-Chancellor of the Church (second-in-command) until 9 March 1517, in practice Leo X governed in partnership with his cousin from the beginning.<ref name="newadvent.org"/> Initially, his duties centered primarily on administering Church affairs in Florence and conducting international relations. In January 1514, [[Henry VIII of England]] appointed him [[Cardinal protector of England]].<ref name="reformation500.csl.edu">{{cite web|url=https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-clement-vii/|title=Pope Clement VII|date=5 February 2014|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922141228/https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-clement-vii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year, [[Francis I of France]] nominated him to become [[Archbishop of Narbonne]], and in 1516 named him cardinal protector of France.<ref name="reformation500.csl.edu"/> In a scenario typical of Cardinal Giulio's independent-minded statesmanship, the respective kings of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]], recognizing a conflict of interest in Giulio protecting both countries simultaneously, brought pressure to bear on him to resign his other protectorship; to their dismay, he refused.<ref name="auto7" />

Cardinal Giulio's foreign policy was shaped by the idea of {{lang|it|la libertà d'Italia}}, which aimed to free Italy and the Church from French and Imperial domination.<ref name="auto7"/> This became clear in 1521, when a personal rivalry between King Francis I and [[Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]] boiled over into war in northern Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_first_hapsburg_valois.html|title=First Hapsburg-Valois War (1521–26) / Fourth Italian War|website=Military History Encyclopedia on the Web}}</ref> Francis I expected Giulio, France's cardinal protector, to support him; but Giulio perceived Francis as threatening the Church's independence—particularly the latter's control of [[Lombardy]], and his use of the [[Concordat of Bologna]] to control the Church in France. At the time, the Church wanted Emperor Charles V to combat [[Lutheranism]], then growing in Germany. So Cardinal Giulio negotiated an alliance on behalf of the Church, to support the Holy Roman Empire against France.<ref name="csun.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1521.html|title=Sede vacante 1521–1522|first=John P. |last=Adams |publisher=California State University, Northridge}}</ref> That autumn, Giulio helped lead a victorious Imperial-Papal army over the French in Milan and Lombardy.<ref name="csun.edu"/> While his strategy of shifting alliances to liberate the Church and Italy from foreign domination proved disastrous during his reign as Pope Clement VII, during the reign of Leo X it skillfully maintained a balance of power among the competing international factions seeking to influence the Church.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reston |first=James |date= 5 May 2015 |title=Luther's Fortress: Martin Luther and His Reformation Under Siege |location=United States |publisher= Hachette |isbn= 978-0465063932 }}</ref>