Editing Pomerania (section)

==Nomenclature==
===Etymology===
In [[Lechitic languages]] the prefix "po-" means ''along''; unlike the word "po", which means ''after''. '''Pomorze''', therefore, means ''Along the Sea''. This construction is similar to toponyms [[Pogórze (disambiguation)|Pogórze]] (''Along the Mountains''), [[Polesie]] (''Along the Forest''), [[Porzecze (disambiguation)|Porzecze]] (''Along the River''), etc.

===Earliest sources===
Pomerania was first mentioned in an [[Holy Roman Empire|imperial]] document of 1046, referring to a ''Zemuzil dux Bomeranorum'' ([[Zemuzil, Duke of Pomerania|Zemuzil]], Duke of the Pomeranians).<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.23,24, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> Pomerania is mentioned repeatedly in the chronicles of [[Adam of Bremen]] (c. 1070) and [[Gallus Anonymus|Gallus Anonymous]] (ca. 1113).

===Terminology and attribution of subdivisions===
The territorial designation "Pomerania" lacks a universally accepted definition, since it may refer either to combined Hither and Farther Pomerania only (in German contemporary and historical usage<ref name=eghere/>) or to Hither and Farther Pomerania combined with [[Pomerelia]] (in Polish contemporary and historical usage).

As a consequence, the term "West Pomerania" is ambiguous, since it may refer to either Hither Pomerania (in German usage and historical usage based on German terminology<ref name=eghere/>), or to combined Hither and Farther Pomerania (in Polish usage and historical usage based on German terminology). In parallel, the term "East Pomerania" may similarly carry different meanings, referring either to [[Farther Pomerania]] (in German usage and historical usage based on German terminology<ref name=eghere>e.g. [[:File:Pomerania 1653.PNG|here]] (Sheperd Atlas), or in [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdAnAAAAMAAJ&dq=western+pomerania+date:0-1940&pg=PA483 old Enc Britannica]</ref>), or to Pomerelia (in Polish usage and historical usage based on German terminology).

As a further complication, the borders of the eponymous administrative units have been drawn disregarding mostly the historical ones. The Polish unit called ''województwo zachodniopomorskie'' ([[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]]) includes the whole Polish part of Hither Pomerania, but only the western two-thirds of Farther Pomerania, with the remaining easternmost one-third ([[Słupsk]], [[Ustka]], and [[Miastko]]) has been part of the ''województwo pomorskie'' ([East-][[Pomeranian Voivodeship]]). The former regional unit stretches however far more south than the historical region, to include the northern part of the historical [[Neumark]], located in the previous medieval border area between Pomerania and [[Greater Poland]] ([[Chojna]], [[Trzcińsko-Zdrój]], [[Myślibórz]], [[Nowogródek Pomorski]], [[Lipiany]], [[Barlinek]], [[Pełczyce]], [[Suchań]], [[Choszczno]], [[Recz]], and [[Drawno]]), as well as a strip the historical [[Greater Poland]] ([[Tuczno]], [[Człopa]], [[Mirosławiec]], [[Wałcz]], and [[Czaplinek]]), or even a small parts of [[Pomerelia]] ([[Biały Bór]]) and [[Lubusz Land]] ([[Dębno]]); in turn the other one comprises only approximately northern two-thirds of Pomerelia but also parts of historical [[Malbork Land]] and Upper Prussia known under the ethnographic designation of [[Powiśle (region)|Powiśle]] and constituting the westernmost strip of historical [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]]; and finally, the remaining one third of [[Pomerelia]] forms part of ''województwo kujawsko-pomorskie'' ([[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]]), a further regional unit, in this case bearing a name accurately reflecting historical heterogeneity of its territory. Similarity but to lesser extent, borders of the combined German districts [[Vorpommern-Rügen]] and [[Vorpommern-Greifswald]] deviate significantly in numerous locations from the historical ones with Mecklenburg and [[Brandenburg]]. As a consequence, the common understanding of the terms has started to be used more and more frequently in the sense of the  current administrative units.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! West
! colspan="16" | Pomerania
! East
| colspan="5" align="right"| Southeast
|- align="center"
|[[Ahrenshoop]],{{efn|Westernmost Pomeranian settlement.}}<br>[[Ribnitz-Damgarten]] ''(Damgarten only)'',<br>[[Saal, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Saal]],<br>[[Prerow]],<br>[[Zingst, Germany|Zingst]],<br>[[Barth, Germany|Barth]],<br>[[Tribsees]],<br>[[Franzburg]],<br>[[Richtenberg]],<br>[[Grimmen]],<br>[[Stralsund]],<br>''[[Dänholm|DÄNHOLM]]''
|'''[[Rügen]]'''<br>''[[Hiddensee|HIDDENSEE]]'',<br>''[[Ummanz|UMMANZ]]'',<br>[[Garz/Rügen]],<br>[[Bergen auf Rügen]],<br>[[Putgarten]],<br>''[[Vilm|VILM]]'',<br>[[Sagard]],<br>[[Binz]],<br>[[Sassnitz]],<br>[[Sellin]],<br>[[Thiessow]],<br>[[Göhren, Rügen|Göhren]]
|[[Loitz]],<br>[[Gützkow]],<br>[[Greifswald]],<br>[[Lubmin]],<br>[[Kröslin]],<br>''[[Ruden (island)|RUDEN]]'',<br>''[[Greifswalder Oie|GREIFSWALDER OIE]]'',<br>[[Wolgast]],<br>[[Lassan, Germany|Lassan]]
|[[Kummerow]],<br>[[Sommersdorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Sommersdorf]],<br>[[Verchen]],<br>[[Demmin]],<br>[[Altentreptow]]
|[[Alt Tellin]],<br>[[Jarmen]],<br>[[Anklam]]
|'''[[Usedom]]'''<br>[[Peenemünde]],<br>[[Karlshagen]],<br>[[Trassenheide]],<br>[[Zinnowitz]],<br>''[[Görmitz|GÖRMITZ]]'',<br>[[Usedom (town)|Usedom]],<br>[[Zempin]],<br>[[Koserow]],<br>[[Loddin]],<br>[[Ückeritz]],<br>[[Bansin]],<br>[[Heringsdorf]],<br>[[Ahlbeck]]
|[[Pasewalk]],<br>[[Torgelow]],<br>[[Ueckermünde]],<br>[[Eggesin]],<br>[[Löcknitz]],<br>[[Penkun]],<br>[[Altwarp]],<br>Pomellen{{efn|Easternmost settlement in [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]].}}
|[[Prenzlau]],<br>[[Brüssow]],<br>[[Schwedt/Oder]],{{efn|Districts north of the [[Welse]] river only.}}<br>[[Gartz (Oder)]],<br>[[Mescherin]]{{efn|Easternmost Pomeranian settlement in Germany.}}
|'''[[Uznam]]/[[Wolin]]'''<br>[[Świnoujście]],<br /> [[Międzyzdroje]],<br /> [[Wolin (town)|Wolin]],<br/> [[Międzywodzie]],<br/> ''[[Chrząszczewska Island|CHRZĄSZCZEWSKA]]'',<br /> [[Dziwnów]] (left-bank)
|[[Goleniów]],<br />[[Police, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Police]],<br />[[Nowe Warpno]],<br /> [[Szczecin]],<br />[[Dąbie, Szczecin|Dąbie]]
|[[Widuchowa, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Widuchowa]], <br/>[[Gryfino]], <br/>[[Banie]],<br/> [[Pyrzyce]]
|[[Maszewo]],<br/>[[Stargard]],<br/>[[Stepnica]],<br/>[[Dziwnów]],{{efn|Right-bank with historic centre.}}<br/>[[Kamień Pomorski]],<br/> [[Golczewo]],<br/>[[Ińsko]],<br/>[[Dobrzany]],<br/>[[Chociwel]], <br/>[[Gryfice]], <br/> [[Gościno]], <br/>[[Płoty]], <br/>[[Nowogard]],<br/>[[Łobez]],<br/>[[Węgorzyno]],<br/>[[Resko]],<br/>[[Trzebiatów]],<br/>[[Dobra, Łobez County|Dobra]]
|[[Świdwin]], <br/>[[Połczyn-Zdrój]], <br/>[[Drawsko Pomorskie]],<br/>[[Kołobrzeg]], <br />[[Koszalin]],<br/>[[Karlino]], <br /> [[Tychowo]], <br/> [[Bobolice]],<br/>[[Białogard]], <br/>[[Biały Bór]],<br />[[Szczecinek]],<br/>[[Mielno]],<br />[[Kalisz Pomorski]],{{efn|name=gp|Also considered part of the historical region of [[Greater Poland]] in the medieval period.}}<br/>[[Złocieniec]],{{efn|name=gp}}<br/>[[Barwice]]{{efn|name=gp}}
|[[Sławno]],<br />[[Darłowo]],<br/>[[Polanów]],<br/>[[Sianów]]
|[[Ustka]],<br />[[Słupsk]],<br />[[Miastko]],<br/>[[Kobylnica, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Kobylnica]]
|[[Łeba]],<br />[[Lębork]],<br />[[Bytów]]
|[[Biały Bór]]
|[[Czarne]],<br/>[[Człuchów]]
|[[Chojnice]]
|[[Ostrowite, Gmina Chojnice|Ostrowite]]
|[[Borowy Młyn, Bytów County|Borowy Młyn]],<br/>[[Borzyszkowy]]
|[[Czersk]],<br/>[[Brusy]]
|[[Kościerzyna]], <br /> [[Kartuzy]], <br /> [[Żukowo]], <br />[[Puck, Poland|Puck]],<br />[[Władysławowo]],<br />[[Jastarnia]],<br />[[Hel, Poland|Hel]],<br />[[Wejherowo]],<br />[[Reda, Poland|Reda]],<br />[[Rumia]],<br /><small>(so-called [[Little Kashubian Tricity]])</small><br />[[Gdynia]],<br />[[Sopot]],<br />[[Gdańsk]]<br /><small>([[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]])</small>
|[[Pruszcz Gdański]],<br/>[[Nowy Staw]]
|[[Krynica Morska]]
|[[Narmeln]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Biskup|first1=Marian|last2=Tomczak|first2=Andrzej|year=1955|title=Mapy województwa pomorskiego w drugiej połowie XVI w.|language=pl|location=Toruń|page=129}}</ref>
|[[Starogard Gdański]],<br />[[Skarszewy]],<br />[[Pelplin]],<br /> [[Tczew]],<br/>[[Gniew]],<br/>[[Skórcz]]
|[[Świecie]],<br />[[Nowe]]
|[[Obrowo, Tuchola County|Obrowo]]
|[[Tuchola]],<br />[[Pruszcz, Świecie County|Pruszcz]]
|[[Toruń]],<br />[[Grudziądz]],<br />[[Chełmno]],<br />[[Chełmża]],<br />[[Wąbrzeźno]],<br /> [[Kowalewo Pomorskie]],<br />[[Jabłonowo Pomorskie]],<br />[[Radzyń Chełmiński]],<br />[[Łasin]],<br />[[Brodnica]],{{efn|Part north of [[Drwęca]] with historic center.}}<br />[[Golub-Dobrzyń|Golub]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|  text-align:left;"|'''Current countries'''
|colspan="8"|Germany
|colspan="17"|Poland
|Russia
|colspan="5"|Poland
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" text-align:left;"|'''Current administrative regions'''
|colspan="7"|[[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]<br/>(Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania)
|[[Brandenburg]]
|colspan="6" rowspan="2"|województwo zachodniopomorskie<br/>([[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]])
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|województwo pomorskie<br/> ([[Pomeranian Voivodeship]])
|rowspan="2"|województwo zachodniopom.<br/>([[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]])
|colspan="8" rowspan="2"|województwo pomorskie<br/> ([[Pomeranian Voivodeship]])
|rowspan="2"|Калининградская область ([[Kaliningrad Oblast]])
|rowspan="2"|województwo pomorskie<br/> ([[Pomeranian Voivodeship]])
|colspan="4" rowspan="2"|województwo kujawsko-pomorskie<br/> ([[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|[[Vorpommern-Rügen]]
|[[Vorpommern-Greifswald]]
|[[Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district)|Mecklenburgische Seenplatte]]
|colspan="3"|[[Vorpommern-Greifswald]]
|[[Uckermark (district)|Uckermark]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="5"  text-align:left;"|'''German terminology'''<br/>(corresponding English term)
|colspan="16"|Pommern<ref name=Columbia>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/po/Pomerani.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–07] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829002114/http://www.bartleby.com/65/po/Pomerani.html |date=29 August 2008 }}</ref><br/>(Pomerania)<br/><small>bounded in the west by the [[Recknitz]], [[Trebel (river)|Trebel]] and [[Lake Kummerow]], and in the east by the [[Piaśnica]]</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="15"|Pomerellen, Pommerellen<ref name=Columbia/><br/>([[Pomerelia]])<ref name=Columbia/><br/> <small>After [[Partitions of Poland]], part of the wider</small> Westpreussen<br/>([[West Prussia]])<br/><small>before [[Partitions of Poland]], part of the wider</small> Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils<br/>([[Royal Prussia]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="10"|Vorpommern<br/>([[Hither Pomerania]], Fore Pomerania)<br /><small>in modern usage the part located in Germany only</small>
|colspan="6" rowspan="2"|[[Farther Pomerania|Hinterpommern]]<br/>(Farther/Further Pomerania, Rear Pomerania)
| style='border-style: none  solid  solid  solid' colspan="2" rowspan="4"|
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Tucheler Heide<br/>([[Tuchola Forest]])
|colspan="3" rowspan="4"|Kaschubei<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Kaschubei |title=Duden online Kaschubei | date= 12 June 2019}}</ref>
| style='border-style: none  solid  solid  solid' rowspan="4"|
|colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Frische Nehrung<br/>([[Vistula Spit]])
|colspan="2" rowspan="4"|[[Kociewie]]
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Tucheler Heide<br/> ([[Tuchola Forest]])
|rowspan="4"|Kulmerland <br/> ([[Chełmno Land]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="3"|[[New Western Pomerania|Neuvorpommern]] <br/> (New Hither Pomerania)<br/><small>western part of [[Swedish Pomerania]] that went from Sweden to Prussia in 1815</small><br />
|colspan="7"|[[Old Western Pomerania|Altvorpommern]] <br/> (Old Hither Pomerania)<br/><small>eastern part of [[Swedish Pomerania]] that went from Sweden to Prussia in 1720</small><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="5" rowspan="2"|Westpommern <br/>(Western Pomerania) <br/><small>mainland west of the [[Zarow]] and [[Rügen]] archipelago</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid;' colspan="7"|Mittelpommern (Middle Pomerania) <br/><small>mainland east of the [[Zarow]] as well as [[Usedom]] and [[Wolin]]</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="4"|Ostpommern<br/>(Eastern Pomerania)
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style='border-style: none  dotted  solid  solid;'|
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  dotted;'  colspan="5"|Mittelpommerscher Keil<br/> (Middle Pomeranian Wedge) <br/> <small>excluding [[Uznam]] and [[Wolin]]</small> 
| style='border-style: none  solid  solid  dotted;'|
| style='border-style: none  dotted  solid  solid;'|
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  dotted;' colspan="2"|Lande Schlawe und Stolp<br/>([[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]])
| style='border-style: dotted  solid  solid  dotted'|Lande Lauenburg und Bütow<br/>([[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]])
| style='border-style: none  dotted  solid  solid'|
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  dotted'|Koschneiderei
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  solid'|Koschneiderei
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="4" text-align:left;"|'''Polish terminology'''<br/>(corresponding English term)
|colspan="15"|[[Western Pomerania|Pomorze Zachodnie]]<br/>(Western Pomerania)<br/>Pomorze Nadodrzańskie<br/>([[Oder]] Pomerania)<br/>
|colspan="16"|[[Pomorze Wschodnie]]<br/>(Eastern Pomerania)<br/>Pomorze Nadwiślańskie<br/>([[Vistula]] Pomerania)<br/><small>before [[World War II]] simply</small> Pomorze<ref name=Columbia/><br/>(Pomerelia,<ref name=Columbia/> literally Pomerania)<br/><small>before [[Partitions of Poland]], part of the wider</small> [[Royal Prussia|Prusy Królewskie]]<br/>(Royal Prussia)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="8"|Pomorze Zaodrzańskie<br>(Trans-Oder Pomerania)<br>[[Pomerania-Wolgast|Pomorze Wołogoskie]]<br>(Wołogoszcz or {{langx|de|Wolgast}} Pomerania)
|colspan="4"|Pomorze Szczecińskie<br/> (Szczecin Pomerania)<br/>Pomorze Zachodnie w węższym znaczeniu<br/>(Western Pomerania in narrower sense)<br/>
|colspan="3"|Pomorze Środkowe<br/>(Middle Pomerania)<br/>Pomorze Koszalińsko-Słupskie<br/>(Koszalin and Słupsk Pomerania)
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="15"|[[Gdańsk Pomerania|Pomorze Gdańskie]]<br/>(Gdańsk Pomerania)
|rowspan="3"|Ziemia chełmińska<br/> ([[Chełmno Land]])<br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="9" rowspan="2"|Pomorze Przednie<br/>([[Hither Pomerania]], Fore Pomerania)<br/><small>in modern usage the part located in Germany only </small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="6"|[[Farther Pomerania|Pomorze Tylne]]<br/>(Farther/Further Pomerania, Rear Pomerania)<br/><small>usage limited mainly to translations of German texts</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid;'|[[Kashubia|Kaszuby]]<br/>(Kashubia)
| style='border-style: none  solid  none  solid;' colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="2"|Bory Tucholskie<br/>([[Tuchola Forest]])<br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid;' colspan="3"|[[Kashubia|Kaszuby]]<br/>(Kashubia)<br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
|rowspan="2"|Żuławy Wiślane<br/>([[Vistula Fens]])
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Mierzeja Wiślana<br/>([[Vistula Spit]])
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[Kociewie]]<br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="2"|Bory Tucholskie<br/> ([[Tuchola Forest]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style='border-style: none  dotted  solid  solid' colspan="4"|
| style='border-style: dotted  solid  solid  dotted' colspan="2"|Ziemia słupsko-sławieńska<br/>([[Słupsk and Sławno Land]])
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  solid'|[[Ziemia lęborsko-bytowska]]<br/>(Lębork and Bytów Land)
| style='border-style: none  dotted  solid  dotted'|
| style='border-style: dotted  solid  solid  dotted'|Kosznajderia<br/><small>former ethnocultural region</small>
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  solid'|[[Gochy]]
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  dotted'|Zabory<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich|volume=XIV|year=1895|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=201}}</ref>
| style='border-style: none  solid  solid  dotted'|
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  solid'|Kosznajderia<br/><small>former ethnocultural region</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="3" text-align:left;"|'''[[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] terminology'''<br/>(corresponding English term)
|colspan="15" rowspan="3"|Zôpadnô Pòmòrskô<br/>(Western Pomerania)
|rowspan="3"|Lãbòrskò-bëtowskô Zemia<br/> ([[Lębork and Bytów|Lębork and Bytów Land]])<br/>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="15"|Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô<br/>(Eastern Pomerania)
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style='border-style: none  solid  none  solid' colspan="4"|
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="3"|Kaszëbë<br/>(Kashubia)<br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
|rowspan="2"|Wiselny Zëławë<br/>([[Vistula Fens]])
| style='border-style: none  solid  solid  solid' colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Kòcéwskô<br/>([[Kociewie]])<br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
| style='border-style: solid  solid  none  solid' colspan="2"|Tëchòlsczé Bòrë ([[Tuchola Forest]]) <br/><small>ethnocultural region</small>
|rowspan="2"|Chełmińskô Zemia<br/>([[Chełmno Land]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style='border-style: none  dotted  solid  solid' colspan="3"|
| style='border-style: dotted  solid  solid  dotted'|Kòsznajderiô (Kosznajderia)<br/><small>former ethnocultural region</small>
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  solid'|Gòchë<br/>([[Gochy]])
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  dotted'|Zabòrë<br/>(Zabory)
| style='border-style: none  solid  solid  dotted'|
| style='border-style: dotted  dotted  solid  solid'|Kòsznajderiô (Kosznajderia)<br/><small>former ethnocultural region</small>
|}