Editing Politics of Libya (section)

== Libyan Political Agreement (2015) & Political Atmosphere post-2015 ==
Libya is divided into two rival governmental authorities in the years following Gaddafi's overthrow. The governmental authorities include the Islamist-led General National Congress (GNC) and its militia coalition the Libya Dawn, which is based in Tripoli, and the House of Representatives in Tobruk, with its military coalition named Operation Dignity. Although, it is vital to note that these militias held military power independently of the authorities to which they claimed loyalty.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2016-01-02 |title=Confronting failed government and the Islamic State in Libya |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13567888.2016.1159823#d1e56 |journal=Strategic Comments |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=i–iii |doi=10.1080/13567888.2016.1159823}}</ref> As a result, outbreaks of violence continued across the region, as governments could not convince their militias to allow a state-imposed monopoly on violence.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2013-04-01 |title=Libya: fragile security, fragmented politics |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/13567888.2013.790174?needAccess=true& |journal=Strategic Comments |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=xiv–xvi |doi=10.1080/13567888.2013.790174}}</ref> Due to the civil unrest between the two parliaments, the GNC and House of Representatives rejected around seven proposals of a power-sharing transitional constitution. As a result, the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) was adopted on December 13, 2015.<ref name=":4" /> Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidential Council]] and a seventeen-member interim [[Government of National Accord]] (GNA) was formed to replace the GNC, with a view to holding new elections within two years.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=17 December 2015 |title=Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments |website=The Guardian}}</ref> The [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] would continue to exist as a [[legislature|legislative]] power, including the authority to approve ministerial cabinet proposed by the GNA, and importantly, the authority to activate the LPA.<ref name=":4" />

This attempt at unification was unsuccessful, since Libya dawn would only accept under the condition of gaining control over Tripoli and the central bank, which was refused by the House of Representatives as they believed it would grant too large a share of power than it would through elections. As a result, the General National Assembly and House of Representatives are in a state of constitutional limbo, as the latter has not officially approved the LPA, and thus it is unclear to both parties, and the rest of society, whether the LPA is active.<ref name=":4" /> Three competing governments still remained by the end of 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya: Freedom in the World 2017 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/libya/freedom-world/2017 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> disputes between which continuing until the formation of the GNU in 2015. Still, even with the establishment of this governmental structure, widespread human rights abuses exist throughout the country to this day; this is due to the lack of a central government to regulate the ten years of conflict that ensued after Gaddafi's reign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/libya/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> However, the country has made some "democratic" progress: [[Libya|Libya's]] score was trending upwards from 2011 to 2013 on the PolityIV authority trends scale, increasing from a -7 to a 1,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polity IV Regime Trends: Libya, 1951-2013 |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/lib2.htm |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=systemicpeace.org}}</ref> shifting its categorization from “[[autocracy]]” to “[[anocracy]].”<ref>{{Cite web |title=PolityProject |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=systemicpeace.org}}</ref>