Editing Political party (section)

===20th century===
At the beginning of the 20th century in Europe, the liberal–conservative divide that characterized most party systems was disrupted by the emergence of [[socialism|socialist]] parties, which attracted the support of organized [[trade union]]s.<ref name=boix09/>{{rp|511}}

During the wave of [[decolonization]] in the mid-20th century, many newly sovereign countries outside of Europe and North America developed party systems that often emerged from their movements for independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/what-can-be-done-about-the-problem-political-parties |title=What Can Be Done About the Problem of Political Parties? |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |first=Patrick |last=Liddiard |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215055924/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/what-can-be-done-about-the-problem-political-parties |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Michele Penner |last=Angrist |year=2006 |title=Party Building in the Modern Middle East |chapter=1 |publisher=University of Washington Press |pages=31–54 |isbn=978-0295986463}}</ref> For example, a system of political parties arose out of factions in the [[Indian independence movement]], and was strengthened and stabilized by the policies of [[Indira Gandhi]] in the 1970s.<ref name = "Chhibber04"/>{{rp|165}} The formation of the [[Indian National Congress]], which developed in the late 19th century as a pro-independence faction in [[British India]] and immediately became a major political party after Indian independence, foreshadowed the dynamic in many newly independent countries; for example, the [[Uganda National Congress]] was a pro-independence party and the first political party in Uganda, and its name was chosen as an homage to the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Conference on Constitutalism and Multiparty Governance in Uganda |first=Nathan |last=Byamukama |date=October 2003 |title=Formation and Impact of Political Parties in 1950s up to Independence (1962): Lessons for Democracy |page=7 |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/4825/byamukama-mak-res.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

As broader suffrage rights and eventually [[universal suffrage]] slowly spread throughout democracies, political parties expanded dramatically, and only then did a vision develop of political parties as intermediaries between the full public and the government.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Kevin |last1=Corder |first2=Christina |last2=Wolbrecht |author-link2= Christina Wolbrecht |title=Political Context and the Turnout of New Women Voters after Suffrage |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=34–49 |year=2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00367.x|s2cid=54176570 }}</ref>