Editing Pogrom (section)

=== Pogroms in the Russian Empire ===
[[File:Pogrom de Chisinau - 1903 - 1.jpg|thumb|Victims of a pogrom in [[Chișinău|Kishinev]], Bessarabia, 1903]]{{Further|Pogroms in the Russian Empire}}

The [[Russian Empire]], which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories in the [[Russian Partition]] that contained large Jewish populations, during the military [[partitions of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795.<ref name="Davies60">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=God's Playground: a history of Poland |id=Volume II: Revised Edition |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |year=2005 |chapter=Rossiya: The Russian Partition (1772–1918) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&q=alien+imposition |pages=60–61 |isbn=978-0-19-925340-1 |title-link=God's Playground}}</ref> In conquered territories, a new political entity called the [[Pale of Settlement]] was formed in 1791 by [[Catherine the Great]]. Most Jews from the former Commonwealth were allowed to reside only within the Pale, including families expelled by royal decree from St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large Russian cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/shtetl |title=Shtetl |website=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |via=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=The Gale Group}} ''Also in:'' {{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/jl/h/48956361.html |title=Pale of Settlement |website=History Crash Course #56 |author=Rabbi Ken Spiro |date=9 May 2009 |publisher=Aish.com}}</ref> The 1821 [[Odessa pogroms]] marked the beginning of the 19th century pogroms in Tsarist Russia; there were four more such pogroms in [[Odessa]] before the end of the century.<ref name="H-DL">{{cite journal |first=Heinz-Dietrich |last=Löwe |title=Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions |journal=Jewish Social Studies |series=New Series |access-date=14 November 2023 |volume=11 |number=1 |date=Autumn 2004 |page=17– |quote='Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.' |doi=10.1353/jss.2005.0007 |s2cid=201771701 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/179974}}
{{failed verification|date=September 2016}}</ref> Following the assassination of [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in 1881 by [[Narodnaya Volya#Assassination of Tsar Alexander II|Narodnaya Volya]], anti-Jewish events turned into a wave of over 200 pogroms by their modern definition, which lasted for several years.<ref name="Klier 2013 Note 45">{{cite book |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |author1=John Doyle Klier |author1-link=John Klier |author2=Shlomo Lambroza |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&q=Odessa+1881+encyclopedia |page=376 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1}} ''Also in:'' {{cite book |title=Shatterzone of Empires |author=Omer Bartov |author-link=Omer Bartov |year=2013 |quote=Note 45. It should be remembered that for all the violence and property damage caused by the 1881 pogroms, the number of deaths could be counted on one hand. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xam0fUlrXfkC&q=number+counted+one+hand |page=97|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00631-8}} For further information, see: {{cite book |title=Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920 |author=Oleg Budnitskii |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8122-0814-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLdhSUZI-AYC&q=Alexander+watershed |pages=17–20}}</ref> Jewish self-governing ''[[:wikt:Kehillah|Kehillah]]'' were abolished by [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]] in 1844.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Henry Abramson |author-link=Henry Abramson |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/02summer/pdf2/abramson_large.pdf |title=The end of intimate insularity: new narratives of Jewish history in the post-Soviet era |journal=Acts |date=10–13 July 2002}}</ref>

There is some disagreement about the level of planning from the Tsarist authorities and the motives for the attacks.<ref name="Zaretsky - quote 1">{{cite news |last1=Zaretsky |first1=Robert |title=Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so |url=https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=[[The Forward]] |date=27 October 2023 |language=en |quote=Thanks to the work of the historian John Klier, we also know that the Czarist authorities neither choreographed nor encouraged the pogroms. Instead, they were mostly spontaneous and perhaps as much about managing social status as they were about murdering Jews.}}</ref>

The first in 20th-century Russia was the [[Kishinev pogrom]] of 1903 in which 49 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded, 700 homes destroyed and 600 businesses pillaged.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia Kishinef">{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Kishinef (Kishinev) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev |first1=Herman|last1=Rosenthal |first2=Max|last2=Rosenthal}}</ref> In the same year, pogroms took place in [[Gomel]] (Belarus), [[Smila|Smela]], [[Feodosiya]] and [[Melitopol]] (Ukraine). Extreme savagery was typified by mutilations of the wounded.<ref name="P.J." /> They were followed by the [[Zhitomir]] pogrom (with 29 killed),<ref>{{cite book |title=Lev Shternberg |author=Sergei Kan |author-link=Sergei Kan |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8032-2470-4 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOfZ6ivgY8C&q=Zhitomir+Black+Hundreds}}</ref> and the [[Kiev pogrom (1905)|Kiev pogrom]] of October 1905 resulting in a massacre of approximately 100 Jews.<ref name="S.L." /> In three years between 1903 and 1906, about 660 pogroms were recorded in Ukraine and Bessarabia; half a dozen more in Belorussia, carried out with the Russian government's complicity, but no anti-Jewish pogroms were recorded in Poland.<ref name="P.J.">{{cite book |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War |first=Paul |last=Joseph |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |page=1353 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&q=1903+Extreme+savagery}}</ref> At about that time, the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Jewish Labor Bund]] began organizing armed self-defense units ready to shoot back, and the pogroms subsided for a number of years.<ref name="S.L.">{{cite book |first=Shlomo |last=Lambroza |title=Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization |editor-first=Herbert A. |editor-last=Strauss |editor-link=Herbert A. Strauss |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&q=1905+self-defence+efforts |isbn=978-3-11-013715-6 |pages=1256, 1244–45 |chapter=Jewish self-defence}}</ref> According to professor [[Colin Tatz]], between 1881 and 1920 there were 1,326 pogroms in Ukraine (''see: [[Southwestern Krai]] parts of [[Pale of Settlement#Final demographics|the Pale]]'') which took the lives of 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews, leaving half a million homeless.<ref name="Tatz 2016 p26">{{cite book |title=The Magnitude of Genocide |first=Colin |last=Tatz |author-link=Colin Tatz |others=Winton Higgins |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WaCwAAQBAJ&q=four+decades+250%2C000}}</ref><ref name="Kleg" /> This violence across Eastern Europe prompted a wave of [[Russian diaspora|Jewish migration]] westward that totaled about 2.5 million people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diner |first=Hasia |author-link=Hasia Diner |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520939929/html |title=The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=23 August 2004 |isbn=978-0-520-93992-9 |pages=71–111 |doi=10.1525/9780520939929 |s2cid=243416759}}</ref>