Editing Plastic surgery (section)

==Sub-specialties==
{{Merge portions from|Cosmetic_surgery_in_Australia#Types of cosmetic surgery available|date=April 2020}}
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}
Plastic surgery is a broad field and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by [[American Board of Plastic Surgery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abplsurg.org/ModDefault.aspx?section=AboutIntro |title=Introduction |date=2013 |publisher=American Board of Plastic Surgery |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180933/https://www.abplsurg.org/ModDefault.aspx?section=AboutIntro |archive-date=2 February 2014  }}</ref> Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include:

===Aesthetic surgery===
Aesthetic surgery is a central component of plastic surgery and includes facial and body aesthetic surgery. Plastic surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.<ref>Description of Plastic Surgery [https://www.abplsurg.org/ModDefault.aspx?section=AboutDPS American Board of Plastic Surgery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015000138/https://abplsurg.org/ModDefault.aspx?section=AboutDPS |date=15 October 2010 }}</ref>

===Burn surgery===
Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstructive Burn Surgery {{!}} University of Michigan Health |url=https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/surgery/plastic/burn-reconstructive |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.uofmhealth.org}}</ref>

===Craniofacial surgery===
{{Main|Craniofacial surgery}}
[[Craniofacial surgery]] is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, microtia, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial surgery deals mostly with reconstructive surgeries after trauma or cancer and revision surgeries, along with orthognathic surgery and facial feminization surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs. Further training and subspecialisation are obtained via a craniofacial fellowship. Craniofacial surgery is also practiced by [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|maxillofacial surgeons]].

===Ethnic plastic surgery===
{{Main|Ethnic plastic surgery}}
[[Ethnic plastic surgery]] is plastic surgery performed to change ethnic attributes, often considered used as a way of "passing".

===Hand surgery===
{{Main|Hand surgery}}
[[Hand surgery]] is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery, as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The hand surgery field is also practiced by [[orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeons]] and [[general surgery|general surgeons]]. Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough. There have been cases of surgery on women's hands in order to correct perceived flaws to create the perfect engagement ring photo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/lifestyle/2014/08/hand-surgery-for-better-engagement-ring-selfies-before-and-after-shots/|title=Hand Rejuvenation for Better Engagement Ring Selfies|website=ABC News|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

===Microsurgery===
{{Main|Microsurgery}}
[[Microsurgery]] is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery.

===Pediatric plastic surgery===
{{Main|Pediatric plastic surgery}}
Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many [[birth defects]] or syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and [[pediatric]] plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include [[craniofacial team|craniofacial anomalies]], Syndactyly<ref>{{EMedicine|article|1244420|Syndactyly}}</ref> (webbing of the fingers and toes), Polydactyly (excess fingers and toes at birth), cleft lip and palate, and congenital hand deformities.

===Prison plastic surgery===
{{Main|Prison plastic surgery}} Plastic surgery was performed on an incarcerated population in order to affect their [[recidivism]] rate, a practice instituted in the early 20th century that lasted until the mid-1990s. Separate from surgery performed for medical need.