Editing Place of articulation (section)

==Table of gestures and passive articulators and resulting places of articulation==
The following table shows the possible combinations of active and passive articulators.

The possible locations for [[sibilant]]s as well as non-sibilants to occur are indicated in <span style="border: 1px dashed red;">dashed red</span>. For sibilants, there are additional complications involving [[tongue shape]]; see the article on [[sibilant consonant|sibilant]]s for a chart of possible articulations.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !! Front/back → !! colspan=4|[[Anterior consonant|Front]]
! style="border-left: 3px solid;" colspan=3|Back
|-
! !! Major class → !! Labial !! colspan=3|[[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! style="border-left: 3px solid;" colspan=3|"[[Guttural consonant|Guttural]]"
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Grave and acute|Acute/grave]]<br>↓
! Active articulator →
! rowspan=2|Lower lip<br>([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
! rowspan=2|Tongue blade<br>([[Laminal consonant|Laminal]])
! rowspan=2|Tongue tip<br>([[Apical consonant|Apical]])
! rowspan=2|Underside of tongue<br>([[Subapical consonant|Subapical]])
! rowspan=2 style="border-left: 3px solid;"| Tongue body<br>([[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]])
! rowspan=2|Tongue root<br>([[Radical consonant|Radical]])
! rowspan=2|Larynx<br>([[Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]])
|-
! Passive articulator<br>↓
|-
! rowspan=2|Grave
! Upper lip
| [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]] || [[linguolabial consonant|linguolabial]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"|
| style="border-left: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! Upper teeth
| [[labiodental consonant|labiodental]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-left: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! style="border-top: 3px solid;" rowspan=5|Acute
! style="border-top: 3px solid;"| Upper teeth
| style="border-top: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="border-top: 3px dashed red; border-left: 3px dashed red;"|{{lcons|interdental}} || style="border-top: 3px dashed red;"| {{lcons|dental}}|| style="border-top: 3px dashed red; background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-left: 3px dashed red; border-top: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px solid;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px solid;"| 
|-
! Upper teeth/[[alveolar ridge]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="border-left: 3px dashed red;"| [[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"|
| style="border-left: 3px dashed red; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! [[Alveolar ridge]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="border-left: 3px dashed red;"| [[laminal consonant|laminal]] [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] || [[apical consonant|apico-alveolar]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-right: 3px dashed red; border-top: 3px dashed red; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! Back of alveolar ridge <br>([[postalveolar]])
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="border-left: 3px dashed red;"| [[palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar]] || [[retroflex consonant|apical retroflex]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;" | 
| style="border-right: 3px dashed red; border-bottom: 3px dashed red; "| [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! Hard palate (front)
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="border-left: 3px dashed red; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || | [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]
| style="border-left: 3px dashed red;"| [[palatal consonant|palatal]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! style="border-top: 3px solid;" rowspan=6|Grave
! style="border-top: 3px solid;"| [[Soft palate]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px solid;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px dashed red;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px dashed red;"| || style="border-top: 3px dashed red;"| subapical velar
| style="border-left: 3px solid; border-top: 3px solid;"| [[velar consonant|velar]] || style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px solid;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0; border-top: 3px solid;"| 
|-
! [[Uvula]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-left: 3px solid;"| [[uvular consonant|uvular]] || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
|-
! [[human pharynx|Pharynx]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-left: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] || [[epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant|epiglotto-pharyngeal]]
|-
! [[Epiglottis]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-left: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || [[epiglottal consonant|(ary-)epiglottal]]
|-
! [[Glottis]]
| style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| 
| style="border-left: 3px solid; background: #c0c0c0;"| || style="background: #c0c0c0;"| || [[glottal consonant|glottal]]
|-
|}

A precise vocabulary of compounding the two places of articulation is sometimes seen. However, it is usually reduced to the passive articulation, which is generally sufficient. Thus ''dorsal–palatal'', ''dorsal–velar'', and ''dorsal–uvular'' are usually just called "palatal", "velar", and "uvular". If there is ambiguity, additional terms have been invented, so ''subapical–palatal'' is more commonly called "retroflex".

''Note:'' Additional shades of passive articulation are sometimes specified using ''pre-'' or ''post-'', for example ''prepalatal'' (near the border between the [[postalveolar]] region and the [[hard palate]]; ''prevelar'' (at the back of the [[hard palate]], also ''post-palatal'' or even ''medio-palatal'' for the middle of the hard palate); or ''postvelar'' (near the border of the [[soft palate]] and the [[uvula]]). They can be useful in the precise description of sounds that are articulated somewhat farther forward or back than a prototypical consonant; for this purpose, the "fronted" and "retracted" IPA diacritics can be used. However, no additional shade is needed to phonemically distinguish two consonants in a single language.{{efn|Occasionally claims to the contrary are met. For example, some dialects of [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] are said to distinguish palatal, prevelar and velar consonants. In reality, the dialects distinguish [[palato-alveolar]] ([[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] [[postalveolar]]), {{lcons|palatal}} and {{lcons|velar}} consonants; the claim is based on the imprecise usage of "palatal" to mean "palato-alveolar".}}