Editing Piri Reis (section)

== Works ==
Three of his cartographic works survive in some form to the present day.<ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|1996|p=70}}.</ref> Fragments of his [[Piri Reis map|1513 world map]] and his 1528 world map are kept in museums in Istanbul.<ref>{{harvnb|Anatolia News Agency|2013}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=317}}.</ref> Copies of the ''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]'', a navigational atlas, are kept in many libraries and museums around the world, although the two created by Piri Reis himself are lost.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=272}}.</ref>

=== Piri Reis map of 1513 ===
{{main|Piri Reis map}}
[[Image:Piri reis world map 01.jpg|thumb|alt=map of the Atlantic with Arabic writing|right|Surviving fragment of the first world map of Piri Reis (1513)]]

The Piri Reis map of 1513 is a [[world map]] compiled from a range of contemporary and [[Classical antiquity|classical]] sources.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p140"/> Approximately one third of the map survives,<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=8–9}}.</ref> housed in the [[Topkapı Palace]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|p=41}}.</ref> The finished manuscript was dated to the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]] 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|p=42}}.</ref> After the empire's conquest of [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Selim I, and the map vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=871}}.</ref><ref name="Soucek-1992-p270" />

When rediscovered in 1929,<ref name="Şengör-2004-cites">{{multiref |{{harvnb|Şengör|2004}} cites: |{{harvnb|Adıvar|1939|pp=59–60}}.}}</ref> the remaining fragment garnered international attention for including a partial copy of an otherwise lost map by [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref name="Gerber-2010-p199">{{harvnb|Gerber|2010|p=199}}.</ref>{{efn|There is disagreement on how much of the map draws from Columbus. Paul Kahle and most later scholars attributed everything north and west of the phantom island Antilia to this source.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kahle|1933|p=628}}; |{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=37–40}}; |{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=131–133}}.}}</ref> Svat Soucek expressed doubts about Kahle's "supposed connection",<ref name="Soucek 1992 270–271">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=270–271}}.</ref> and commented that "as for the 'map made by Columbus', Piri Reis' own map shows that he must also have used other sources depicting South America (specifically, the eastern bulge of the continent, thus Brazil), which Columbus could not have known" about when the map would have been produced.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p140">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=140}}.</ref> Gregory McIntosh found that Cuba, Central America, and Hispaniola could be clearly attributed to an early map from Columbus,<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2014|p=372}}.</ref> but not necessarily the [[Lesser Antilles]]. McIntosh noted that the duplication of some features like the Virgin Islands indicated an attempt to join a second map in that area.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=134–139}}.</ref>}} The map's longest inscription tells the story of Columbus' discovery of the Americas and states that Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had sailed with Columbus. The inscription credits some portion of the Americas to a map their prisoner had received from Columbus.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 7}}.</ref> Scholarly analysis of the placenames, knowledge of the Americas, and cartographic misconceptions indicates that Piri Reis likely did use a map composed during one of Columbus' early voyages to the Americas.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 10}}.</ref>

[[File:CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg|thumb|alt=Side by side outlines of the map's depiction of the Caribbean and the Behaim globe's depiction of Asia's east coast show different coastlines but a similar arrangement of land masses.|Comparison of Piri Reis' Caribbean (left) to [[Erdapfel|Martin Behaim's Asia]] (right)]]

The map is a [[portolan chart]] with [[compass rose]]s from which lines of bearing radiate.<ref name="Dutch-2010"/> Designed for navigation via [[dead reckoning]],<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=60–61}}.</ref> portolan charts use a [[windrose network]] rather than a [[Geographic coordinate system|longitude and latitude grid]].<ref name="Dutch-2010">{{harvnb|Dutch|2010}}.</ref> It contains extensive notes primarily in [[Ottoman Turkish]].<ref name="McIntosh-2000b">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000b|p=21}}.</ref> The [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] in Arabic is written in a different handwriting,<ref name="Soucek-2013-p139">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=139}}.</ref> likely that of Piri Reis himself.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p15"/> The depiction of South America is detailed and accurate for its time.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=35, 38}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1996|pp=58, 73–74}}.</ref> The northwestern coast combines features of Central America and Cuba into a single body of land. Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the [[Caribbean]] to a now-lost map from Columbus that merged Cuba into the Asian mainland and [[Hispaniola]] with [[Marco Polo]]'s description of Japan.<ref name="Gaspar-2015-pp1-3">{{harvnb|Gaspar|2015|pp=1–3}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=91}}.</ref> This reflects Columbus's erroneous claim that he had found a new route to Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=114, 136}}.</ref> The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is most likely a version of ''[[Terra Australis]]''.<ref name="Cuoghi-2002">{{harvnb|Cuoghi|2002}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=68}}.</ref>

The map is visually distinct from European portolan charts, influenced by the [[Islamic miniature]] tradition.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|p=71}}.</ref> It was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1994|pp=123, 129}}.</ref> Historian Karen Pinto has described the positive portrayal of [[legendary creature]]s from the edge of the known world in the Americas as breaking away from the medieval Islamic idea of an impassable "Encircling Ocean" surrounding the [[Old World]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|pp=80, 90}}.</ref> Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the [[Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world#History|traditional maps]]—which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts.<ref name="Pinto-2012">{{harvnb|Pinto|2012}}.</ref>

There are conflicting interpretations of the map.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=2}}.</ref> Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=15–18}}.</ref> Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or [[List of mythological places|mythical places]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=26, 30, 41, 100}}.</ref> Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of the Americas not officially discovered by 1513,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cuoghi|2002}}; | {{harvnb|Dutch|2010}}.}}</ref> but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day [[Cananéia]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=37–38}}.</ref> A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 6}}.</ref>

=== <span class="anchor" id="Book of Navigation"></span> ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' ===
{{main|Kitab-ı Bahriye}}
[[File:Piri ibn haji mehmed, corsica, nel kitab-i bahriye (libro delle cose del mare), 1590 ca. (bnf) 01.jpg|alt=Large book open with Arabic text on one page and a multicolor illustrated map opposite|thumb|upright=1.3|A copy open to the page on [[Corsica]]]]

The ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' ({{langx|ota|كتاب بحرية}}), or ''Book of the Sea'', is a navigational atlas.{{efn|Other translations of the title:
* ''Book of Maritime Matters''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Soucek-1992-p266"/>
* ''Book on Navigation''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73"/>
* ''Book of Navigation''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Goodrich-2004">{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004}}.</ref>}}<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> Piri Reis compiled navigational charts and notes into the most detailed portolan atlas of the sixteenth century.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73" /><ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1">{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004|loc=pt. 1}}.</ref> The ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of [[North Africa]] relies little on outside sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=277–279}}.</ref>

There are two versions of the book,<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> both dedicated to [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" />  The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521.{{efn|Soucek (1992) notes that work on the book began in 1511 around the same time as work on the 1513 world map.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=267}}.</ref> Soucek (2013) gives 1520 as the completion date.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=135}}.</ref> Hepworth (2005) says the book was "presented" in 1521.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73"/> Lepore, Piccardi, and Rombai (2013) say the book "appeared" in 1521.<ref>{{harvnb|Lepore|Piccardi|Rombai|2013|p=85}}.</ref>}} The second, expanded version was commissioned by the Grand Vizier and completed in 1526.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" />

The main part of both versions is a nautical guide to the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> Piri Reis says he composed an atlas because any single map has limited space for written details, and some "knowledge cannot be known from maps; it must be explained."<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> The chapters start at the [[Dardanelles]] and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=21–22}}.</ref> The maps have compass roses indicating North for each page.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p277">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=277}}.</ref><ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1" /> Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars.<ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1" /> Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p277" /> Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven [[galley]]s and [[galiot]]s, the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=273–274}}.</ref>

The second version begins with a longer introduction written in verse.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> This introduction offers information on storms, winds, navigating with a compass, navigating by the stars, reading portolan charts, and the [[ocean]]s.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> It includes information on recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the [[voyages of Christopher Columbus]] to the Americas and [[Vasco da Gama]]'s [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|discovery of a sea route to India]].<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> It offers the first detailed Ottoman description of the [[Indian Ocean]],<ref name="Casale-2010-p37"/> and gives special attention to [[Hormuz Island]] at the [[Strait of Hormuz|strait leading into the Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Soucek-2013-p139"/>

The book achieved fame only after Piri Reis' death.<ref name="Casale-2010-p186">{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=186}}.</ref> The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created beginning in the later 1500s.<ref name="Goodrich-2004"/> At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian.<ref>{{harvnb|Lepore|Piccardi|Rombai|2013|p=86}}.</ref>

=== 1528 world map ===
[[Image:Second World Map of Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Map of the Caribbean and other areas in the New World|Surviving fragment of the second world map of Piri Reis (1528)]]

Piri Reis compiled a second world map in 1528.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=303}}.</ref> Only a fragment of the map—the northwest corner—remains.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303" /> The parchment fragment is approximately {{convert|70|cm|sp=us}} square.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303" /> As with the 1513 map, the 1528 map has calligraphic inscriptions in Ottoman-Turkish written in the Arabic alphabet. The colophon is in Arabic, likely handwritten by Piri Reis himself.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p306">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=306}}.</ref> According to the colophon, Piri Reis compiled the map in 1528 in Gelibolu.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p306"/> However, he may not have completed it until 1529.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303"/>

The 1528 map was a portolan chart like his earlier works. It uses a windrose network radiating out from compass roses.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p305">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=305}}.</ref> The map does include one line of latitude, the [[Tropic of Cancer]]; it is slightly south of the correct position for Cuba and the Yucatan.<ref name="Tekeli 1985 681">{{harvnb|Tekeli|1985|p=681}}.</ref> The map uses standard portolan colors and symbols. Dots indicate shallow waters and [[sand bank]]s. Crosses indicate rocks and [[reef]]s.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p305" /> The ships painted on the map are two [[caravel]]s and a [[carrack]].<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p306" /> The [[Scale (map)|scale]] bars indicate {{cvt|50|mi|order=flip}} between the sections of the scales.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=45}}.</ref>

Based on the design of recently explored geographical features like Greenland, Newfoundland, and Florida, the map likely relied on Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian maps from the 1520s.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303" /> Notes on the map cite recent Portuguese voyages to [[Labrador]] and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=43–45}}.</ref> Hispaniola and Cuba are much more accurate compared to the 1513 world map. Cuba, labeled "''Isla di [[Havana|Vana]]''", is now correctly positioned as an island in the Caribbean.<ref name="Tekeli 1985 681"/><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=307}}.</ref> In contrast to the 1513 map, Piri Reis leaves areas that have not been explored blank.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=48}}.</ref> Only the explored southern coasts of the Florida peninsula are on the map. The [[geography of Florida]] is left ambiguous as potentially an island or [[peninsula]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|pp=307–308}}.</ref> The [[Spanish Empire]]'s master map, the ''[[Padrón Real]]'', included this type of ambiguous Florida until 1520, and it influenced Italian cartography like the [[Freducci map]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|pp=308–309}}.</ref>