Editing Phenotype (section)

== Phenome and phenomics ==
{{distinguish |Phoneme |Phonology}}
Although a phenotype is the ensemble of observable characteristics displayed by an organism, the word ''[[phenome]]'' is sometimes used to refer to a collection of traits, while the simultaneous study of such a collection is referred to as ''[[phenomics]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahner M, Kary M | title = What exactly are genomes, genotypes and phenotypes? And what about phenomes? | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 186 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–63 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9176637 | doi = 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0335 | name-list-style = amp | bibcode = 1997JThBi.186...55M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Varki A, Wills C, Perlmutter D, Woodruff D, Gage F, Moore J, Semendeferi K, Bernirschke K, Katzman R, Doolittle R, Bullock T | display-authors = 6 | title = Great Ape Phenome Project? | journal = Science | volume = 282 | issue = 5387 | pages = 239–240 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9841385 | doi = 10.1126/science.282.5387.239d | s2cid = 5837659 | bibcode = 1998Sci...282..239V }}</ref> Phenomics is an important field of study because it can be used to figure out which genomic variants affect phenotypes which then can be used to explain things like health, disease, and evolutionary fitness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Houle D, Govindaraju DR, Omholt S | title = Phenomics: the next challenge | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | pages = 855–866 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21085204 | doi = 10.1038/nrg2897 | s2cid = 14752610 }}</ref> Phenomics forms a large part of the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Freimer N, Sabatti C | title = The human phenome project | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12721547 | doi = 10.1038/ng0503-15 | s2cid = 31510391 }}</ref>

Phenomics has applications in agriculture. For instance, genomic variations such as drought and heat resistance can be identified through phenomics to create more durable GMOs.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Rahman H, Ramanathan V, Jagadeeshselvam N, Ramasamy S, Rajendran S, Ramachandran M, Sudheer PD, Chauhan S, Natesan S, Muthurajan R | chapter = Phenomics: Technologies and Applications in Plant and Agriculture | display-authors = 6 |title=PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Springer | location = New Delhi |isbn=9788132221715 |pages=385–411 |doi=10.1007/978-81-322-2172-2_13 | veditors = Barh D, Khan MS, Davies E }}</ref><ref name="tplants"/> Phenomics may be a stepping stone towards [[personalized medicine]], particularly [[drug therapy]].<ref name="monte">{{cite journal | vauthors = Monte AA, Brocker C, Nebert DW, Gonzalez FJ, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V | title = Improved drug therapy: triangulating phenomics with genomics and metabolomics | journal = Human Genomics | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 16 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25181945 | pmc = 4445687 | doi = 10.1186/s40246-014-0016-9 | author3-link = Daniel W. Nebert | doi-access = free }}</ref> Once the phenomic database has acquired enough data, a person's phenomic information can be used to select specific drugs tailored to the individual.<ref name="monte" />